Cloud electrification and planetary atmospheric electricity

1. Altaratz, O., T. Reisin and Z. Levin, Simulation of the Electrification of Winter Thunderclouds using the 3-dimensional RAMS Model. Part 1: single cloud simulations, J. Geophy. Res.-Atmosphere. 110, D20205, doi:10.1029/2004JD005616, 2005. Pdf file

2. Price, C., E. Greenberg, Y. Yair, G. Sátori, J. Bór, H. Fukunishi, M. Sato, P. Israelevich, M. Moalem, A. Devir, Z. Levin, J.H. Joseph, I. Mayo, B. Ziv and A. Sternlieb: Ground-based Geo-location of TLE-producing intense lightning during the MEIDEX mission on board the Space Shuttle Columbia. J. Geoph. Letters. VOL. 31, L20107, doi:10.1029/2004GL020711, 2004.

3. Yair, Y., P. Israelevich, A. Devir, M. Moalem, C. Price, Z. Levin, J. Joseph, B. Ziv, A. Teller, New Observations of Sprites from the Space Shuttle, J. Geophys. Res., 109, D15201, doi:10.1029/ 2003JD004497, 2004.

4. Israelevich, P. L., Y. Yair, A. Devir, J. H. Joseph, Z. Levin, I. Mayo, M. Moalem, C. Price, and A. Sternlieb Transient airglow enhancements observed from the space shuttle Columbia during the MEIDEX sprite campaign, GRL, Vol 31, 24 March, 2004.

5. Yair, Y., C. Price, Z. Levin, J. Joseph, P. Israelevitch, A. Devir, M. Moalem, B. Ziv, and M. Asfur, Sprite observations from the space shuttle during the Mediterranean Israeli Dust Experiment (MEIDEX), J. Atmos. Sol. Terr. Phys., 65, 635–642, 2003.

6. Yair,Y., Colin Price, Zev Levin, Joachim Joseph, Peter Israelevitch, Adam Devir, Meir Moalem, Baruch Ziv and Mustafa Asfur:  Sprite observations from the space shuttle during the Mediterranean Israeli dust experiment (MEIDEX). Journal of Atmospheric and Solar-Terrestrial Physics, Vol 65, 635-642, 2003.

7. Altaratz, O., Z. Levin, Y. Yair, B. Ziv: Lightning activity over land and sea on the eastern coast of the Mediterranean. Monthly Weather Rev. Vol. 131 Issue 9, 2060-2071, 2003. Pdf file

8. Altaratz, O. Z. Levin and Y. Yair: Winter thunderstorms in Israel: A study with lightning location systems and weather radar", Monthly Weather Rev., 129, 1259-1266, 2001. Pdf file

9. Sommer, A.P. and Z. Levin: Charge transfer in convective thunderclouds induced by molecular interface crossing and free energy reduction. Atmos. Res. 58, 129-139, 2001. Pdf file

10. Yair, Y., O. Altaratz and Z. Levin: Two types of PGF-producing clouds in winter thunderstorms in Israel. Proc. Of the 11th Intern. Confer. On Atmos. Electr. Alabama, 460-463, 1999.

11. Altaratz, O., Z. Levin and Y. Yair: Electrical and radar observations of thunderstorms in the eastern Mediterranean. Proc. Of the 11th Intern. Confer. On Atmos. Electr. Alabama, 468-471, 1999. 

12. Altaratz, O.,  Z. Levin and Y. Yair: Positive ground flashes in thunderstorms in Israel. Bull. Israel. Met. Soc., 5, 27-37,   (HEBREW), 1998.

13. Yair, Y., Z. Levin and O. Altaratz: Lightning phenomenology in the Tel-Aviv area from 1989 to 1996. Jour. Geophys. Res., 103, 9015-9025, 1998.

14. Yair, Y., Z. Levin and S. Tzivion: Model interpretation of Jovian lightning activity and the Galileo probe results. J. Geophys. Res., 103, 14157-14166, 1998.

15. Levin, Z., Y. Yair and B. Ziv, Positive cloud-to-ground lightning flashes and wind shear in Tel Aviv thunderstorms. Geophysical Res. Letters., 23, 2231-2234, 1996.

16. Levin, Z., Y. Yair, O. Altaratz and B. Ziv, On the occurrence of positive ground flashes in Tel Aviv Thunderstorms. 10th Inter. Conf. on Atmos. Electricity, Osaka, Japan, 640-644, 1996.

17. Yair, Y., S. Tzivion and Z. Levin,  Microphysical processes and dynamics of a Jovian thundercloud. Icarus, 114,  278-299, 1995.

18. Yair, Y., S. Tzivion and Z. Levin, Lightning generation in a Jovian thundercloud: Results from an axisymmetric numerical cloud model, Icarus,115, 421-434, 1995.

19. Yair, Y., Z. Levin and S. Tzivion, Water Cumulus in Jupiter Atmosphere: Numerical experiments with an axisymmetric cloud model, Icarus, 98, 72-81, 1992.

20. Yair, Y. and Z. Levin, Charging of polydispersed aerosol particles by attachment of atmospheric ions, J. Geophy. Res. 94, 13085-13091, 1989.   

21. Yair, Y. and Z. Levin, Charging of polydispersed aerosols by attachment of atmospheric ions, Inter. Conf. on Atmospheric Electricity, Uppsala, Sweden, 100-106, 1988.   

22. Levin, Z. and I. Tzur, Models of the development of the electrical structure of clouds, Chapter 10.  Atmospheric Electrical environment U.S. National Academy of Sciences, National Academy Press, 131-145, 1986.   

1. Levin, Z., W.J. Borucki and O.B. Toon, Lightning generation in planetary atmospheres, Icarus, 56, 80-115, 1983.

2. Borucki, W.,  Z. Levin, R.G. Keesee, R.C. Whitten, O.B. Toon, L.A. Capone and J.Dubach, Predicted electrical conductivity between 0 and 80 km in the Venusian atmosphere, Icarus, 51, 302-321, 1982.  

3. Tzur, I. and Z. Levin, A one-dimensional model of the atmospheric electric field near the Venusian surface, Icarus, 52, 346-353, 1982.   

4. Kuettner, J., Z. Levin and J.D. Sartor, Inductive or non- inductive electrification of thunderstorms, J. Atmos. Sci., 38, 2470-2484, 1981.  

5. Tzur, I. and Z. Levin, Ions and precipitation charging in warm and cold clouds as simulated in one dimensional time dependent models, J. Atmos. Sci., 38, 2444-2461, 1981.  

6. Colgate, Z. Levin and A.G. Petschek, A phenomenological interpretation of thunderstorm charging by drop collisions, J. Atmos. Sci., 34, 1433-1443, 1977.   

7. Levin, Z., A. Ziv and W.D. Scott, Modeling of thunderstorm electrification. Electrical processes eds. H. Dolezalek and R. Reiter, Steinfkopff-Darmstadt Press, 394- 401, 1977 

8. Scott, W.D. and Z. Levin, Comment on the role of electric forces in charge separation by falling precipitation in thunderclouds, J. Atmos. Sci., 33, 2024-2025, 1976.   

9. Levin, Z. A refined charge distribution in a stochastic electrical model of an infinite cloud, J. Atmos. Sci., 33, 1756-1762, 1976.   

10. Levin, Z. and W.D. Scott, The effect of electrical conductivity on the growth of the electric field in a thunderstorm, Tellus, 27, 497-506, 1975. 

11. Scott, W.D. and Z. Levin, A comparison of formulations of stochastic collection, J. Atmos. Sci., 32, 843-847, 1975.   

12. Scott, W.D. and Z. Levin, A stochastic electrical model of an infinite cloud: charge generation and precipitation development, J. Atmos. Sci.,  32, 1814-1828,  1975.    

13. Levin, Z. and Z. Ziv, A reply to comment by B. Vonnegut to the electrification of thunderclouds and the rain gush, J. Geophys.Res., 80, 439, 1975.   

14. Levin, Z. and Z. Ziv, A reply to comment by A.K. Kamra to the electrification of thunderclouds and the rain gush, J. Geophys.Res., 80, 1988, 1975.   

15. Levin, Z. and W.D. Scott, Polarization charging may produce a large electric field before the radar echo maximum, J. Geophys.Res., 80, 8918-8923, 1975. 

16. Levin, Z. Electric field growth and charge development and their effect on precipitation in a stochastic electrical model.  NHRE symposium on hail, NCAR, Colorado, 1975.   

17. Levin, Z. and A. Ziv, The electrification of thunderclouds and the rain gush, J.Geophys.Res., 79, 2735-2743, 1974.   

18. Ziv, A. and Z. Levin, Thundercloud electrification: Cloud Growth and electrical development, J. Atmos. Sci., 31, 1652- 1661, 1974.  

19. Scott and Z. Levin, Reply to comments on the effect of potential gradient on the charge separation during inter- actions of snow crystals with an ice sphere, J. Atmos. Sci., 31, 598-601, 1974.   

20. Censor and Z. Levin, Electrostatic interaction of axi- symmetric liquid and solid aerosols, Atmos.Environ. 8, 905- 914, 1974.   

21. Scott, W.D.  and Z. Levin, Stochastic rain development in an electrified cloud, AMS Publication, Conference on Cloud Physics, Tucson, Arizona, 377-382, 1974. 

22. Scott, W.D. and Z. Levin, Open channels in sea ice (Leads) as ion sources, Science, 177, 425-426, 1972. 

23. Levin, Z. and P.V. Hobbs, Splashing of water drops on solid and wetted surfaces.  The hydrodynamics and charge separation, Philos.Trans.Roy.Soc Vol. 269a, 555-585, 1971.

24. Levin, Z. Charge separation by splashing of naturally falling raindrops, J.Atmos.Sci., Vol. 28, 543-548, 1971.    

25. Scott and Z. Levin, The effect of potential gradient on the charge separation during interactions of snow crystals  with an ice sphere, J.Atmos.Sci., Vol. 27, 463-473, 1970.

26. Levin, Z. and W.D. Scott, Polarization charging and thunder- storm electrification, Nature, 240, 232-233, 1972.