עקרון ה-Hologenome : תפקיד ה –microbiota בהתאמה והאבולוציה של האדם החי והצומח (0453.4115) The hologenome concept: role of microbiota in the fitness and evolution of humans, animals and plants |
Suggested graduate course to be given by Prof. Eugene Rosenberg Course title: “The hologenome concept: role of microbiota in the fitness and evolution of humans, animals and plants” "עקרון ה-Hologenome : תפקיד ה –microbiota בהתאמה והאבולוציה של האדם החי והצומח" Time: One lecture hour per week, fall semester Course outline: We are in the midst of a paradigm change in biology. Ground-breaking research over the last 15 years has given rise to the hologenome concept. This concept posits that the holobiont (host plus all of its associated microorganisms) and its hologenome (sum of the genetic information of the host and its symbiotic microorganisms), acting in concert, function as a unique biological entity and therefore as a level of selection in evolution. All animals and plants harbour abundant and diverse microbiota, including viruses. Often the amount of symbiotic microorganisms and their combined genetic information far exceed that of their host. The microbiota with its microbiome, together with the host genome, can be transmitted from one generation to the next and thus propagate the unique properties of the holobiont. The microbial symbionts and the host interact in a cooperative way that affects the health of the holobiont within its environment. Beneficial microbiota protects against pathogens, provides essential nutrients, catabolizes complex polysaccharides, renders harmful chemicals inert, and contributes to the performance of the immune system. In humans and animals, the microbiota also plays a role in behavior. The sum of these cooperative interactions characterizes the holobiont as a unique biological entity. Genetic variation in the hologenome can be brought about by changes in either the host genome or the microbial population genomes (microbiome). Evolution by cooperation can occur by amplifying existing microbes, gaining novel microbiota and by acquiring microbial and viral genes by HGT. Under environmental stress, the microbiome can change more rapidly and in response to more processes than the host organism alone and thus influences the evolution of the holobiont. Prebiotics, probiotics, synbiotics and phage therapy are applied aspects of the hologenome concept. The theoretical and experimental studies that will be discussed in the proposed course should be of interest to graduate students in all Departments of the Faculty of Life Science because of its interdisciplinary nature. The following is a tentative list of lecture subjects: 1. Introduction: Symbioses and the Hologenome Concept History The hologenome concept Concepts and definitions 2. Origin of Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes Speculation on the origin of protocells Origin of prokaryotes and eukaryotes Origin of viruses Origin of multicellar organisms 3. Abundance and Diversity of Microbiota Microbiota of invertebrates Microbiota of vertebrates Microbiota of plants Factors that affect abundance and diversity of microbiota 4. Microbiotas are Transmitted between Holobiont Generations Invertebrates Vertebrates Plants Transmission of microbiota and social behavior of holobionts 5. Microbiotas are Part of Holobiont Fitness Microbiotas protect against pathogens Microbiotas provide nutrients to their hosts Microbiotas influence animal and plant development Obesity Microbiotas influence holobiont behavior Bacteria play a role in mating preference Microbiotas detoxify toxic substances Temperature adaptation 6. Variation in Holobionts Darwinism and Lamarckism Modes of variation within holobionts Microbial amplification Acquisition of novel symbionts Horizontal gene transfer Acquisition of novel symbionts and the “hygiene hypothesis” 7. Viruses are part of the Holobiont`s Fitness and Evolution Abundance and diversity of viruses in holobionts Transmission of viruses Viruses are part of the fitness and evolution of |
דרישות קדם: אין |