EDUCATION

Period	Name of University	Subject	Degree	Date of Award
1951 - 1957	The First Moscow Medical State University	Medicine	Physician	1957
1961	Academy of Medical Sciences, Moscow	Title of thesis: “Pulmonary circulation under restriction of the blood return from the, pulmonary circuit in man”. Supervisors: V.S. Gurfinkel, E.N. Meshalkin	MD	1961
1969	Institute of Biophysics, Academy of Sciences, Moscow	Title of doctoral dissertation: “Experimental investigation of control of locomotion in animals”. Supervisors: I.M. Gelfand, V.S. Gurfinkel	Dr. of biological sciences	1969

FURTHER STUDIES

Period	Name of University	Subject	Degree	Date of Award
1958 - 1960	Institute of Experimental Biology and Medicine, Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk	Physiology	Cand. Med. Sci. (MD)	1961
1960 - 1967	Institute of Biophysics, Academy of Sciences, Moscow	Biophysics	Dr. Biol. Sci. (Ph.D)	1969
1967 - 1992	Institute of Information Transmission Problems, Academy of Sciences, Moscow	Neurophysiology	Professor of Human and Animal Physiology	1991

ACADEMIC AND PROFESSIONAL EXPERIENCE

Period	Name of Institution	Department	Rank
1958 - 1960	Institute of Experimental Biology and Medicine, Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk	Physiology	Junior Scientist
1960 - 1967	Institute of Biophysics, Academy of Sciences, Moscow	Complex systems	Junior Scientist
1962 - 1992	Institute of Information Transmission Problems, Academy of Sciences, Moscow	Motor Control	Senior Scientist
1992 -	Tel Aviv University	Zoology	Professor

BOOKS

1. V.S. Gurfinkel, Ya.M. Kots, M.L. Shik Control of Human Posture (in Russian). Nauka, Moscow , 256 pp., 1965

ARTICLES

1. A.L. Mikaelian, M.L. Shik, N.K. Gorianina Experimental insufficiency of the aortic valve (in Russian). Exper. Surgery, Vol. 2, # 5, pp. 6-11, 1960

2. E.N. Meshalkin, I.N. Meshalkin, M.L. Shik Investigation of pulmonary circulation in patients with mitral diseases of the heart (in Russian). Therap. Archive, Vol. 33, # 4, pp. 18-26, 1961

3. Yu.A. Vlasov, V.S. Gurfinkel, D.I. Ivanov, V.B. Malkin, E.O. Popova, M.L. Shik The study of haemodynamics during oxygen respiration under excessive pressure (in Russian). Bull. exper. Biol. & Medic., Vol. 51, # 4, pp. 22-27, 1961

4. V.S. Gurfinkel, L.L. Kapuller, M.L. Shik Sphincters of the pulmonary veins in man and their significance (in Russian). Bull. exper. Biol. & Medic., Vol. 51, # 6, pp. 14-17, 1961

5. M.L. Shik On the relationship of pressures in the arterial and venous segments of pulmonary circulation in mitral disease (in Russian). Exper. Surgery & Anaesthesiology, Vol. 3, # 4, pp. 34-37, 1961

6. E.I. Kandel, A.V. Kukin, A.I. Shalnikov, M.L. Shik Improvement of the method of local cooling of subcortical structures during stereotaxic surgery of the brain (in Russian). Probl. Neurosurgery, Vol. 26, # 4, pp. 51-54, 1962

7. V.S. Gurfinkel, E.I. Kandel, Ya.M. Kots, M.L. Shik Tremorography in prognosis the efficiency of surgery in parkinsonism (in Russian). Probl. Neurosurgery, Vol. 27, # 4, pp. 1-6, 1963

8. I.M. Gelfand, V.S. Gurfinkel, Ya.M. Kots, M.L. Tsetlin, M.L. Shik On synchronization of motor units and related model considerations (in Russian). Biophysics, Vol. 8, pp. 475-486, 1963

9. V.I. Krinsky, M.L. Shik The method of investigation of posture (in Russian). Biophysics, Vol. 8, pp. 513-515, 1963

10. Yu.A. Vlasov, V.S. Gurfinkel, M.L. Shik A model of aperiodic ballistocardiograph and description of aperiodic ballistocardiogram of a healthy individual (in Russian). Bull. exper. Biol. & Medic., Vol. 57, # 6, pp. 103-106, 1964

11. V.S.. Gurfinkel, A.N. Ivanova, Ya.M. Kots, I.I. Pyatetsky-Shapiro, M.L. Shik Quantitative characteristics of steady state activity of motor units (in Russian). Biophysics, Vol. 9, pp. 636-638, 1964

12. V.I. Krinsky, M.L. Shik On one model motor task (in Russian) Biophysics, Vol. 9, pp. 607-611, 1964

13. I.M. Gelfand, V.S. Gurfinkel, Ya.M. Kots, V.I. Krinsky, M.L. Tsetlin, M.L. Shik Investigation of postural activity (in Russian). Biophysics, Vol. 9, pp. 710-717, 1964

14. I.I. Pyatetsky-Shapiro, M.L. Shik To the problem of spinal control of movements (in Russian). Biophysics, Vol. 9, pp. 488-492, 1964

15. V.S. Gurfinkel, Ya.M. Kots, V.I. Krinsky, M.L. Shik A method for estimating the state of the inhibitory system in the human spinal cord (in Russian). Bull. exper. Biol. & Medic., Vol. 59, # 5, pp. 15-18, 1965

16. V.S. Gurfinkel, E.I. Kandel, Ya.M. Kots, M.L. Shik On the mechanism of generation of tremor in parkinsonism (in Russian). Korsakov J. Neuropath. Psychiat., Vol. 65, pp. 645-651, 1965

17. N.V. Veber, I.M. Rodionov, M.L. Shik "Escape" of the spinal cord from supraspinal influences (in Russian). Biophysics, Vol. 10, pp.334-336, 1965

18. T.N. Nesmeyanova, I.I. Pyatetsky-Shapiro, M.L. Shik Study of activity of motor units in intact, spinal and deafferented dogs (in Russian). Biophysics, Vol. 10, pp. 317-323, 1965

19. V.I. Bryzgalov, I.I. Pyatetsky-Shapiro, M.L. Shik On the two-level model of interaction of automata (in Russian). Proc. Acad. Sci. USSR, Vol. 160, pp. 1039-1041, 1965

20. Yu.I. Arshavsky, Ya.M. Kots, G.N. Orlovsky, I.M. Rodionov, M.L. Shik Investigation of biomechanics of dog running (in Russian). Biophysics, Vol. 10, pp.665-672, 1965

21. G.N. Orlovsky, M.L. Shik On standard elements of the cyclic movement (in Russian). Biophysics, Vol. 10, pp. 847-854, 1965

22. M.L. Shik, G.N. Orlovsky Coordination of limbs during the dog running (in Russian). Biophysics, Vol. 10, pp. 1037-1047, 1965

23. G.N. Orlovsky, F.V. Severin, M.L. Shik Influence of speed and load on coordination of movements during the dog running (in Russian). Biophysics, Vol. 11, pp. 364-366, 1966

24. G.N. Orlovsky, F.V. Severin, M.L. Shik Influence of cerebellar lesions on coordination of movements during the dog running (in Russian). Biophysics, Vol. 11, pp. 509-517, 1966

25. M.L. Shik, F.V. Severin, G.N. Orlovsky Control of walking and running by electrical stimulation of the midbrain (in Russian). Biophysics, Vol. 11, pp. 659-666, 1966

26. G.N. Orlovsky, F.V. Severin, M.L. Shik Locomotion elicited by midbrain stimulation (in Russian). Proc. Acad. Sci. USSR, Vol. 169, pp. 1223-1226, 1966

27. M.L. Shik, G.N. Orlovsky, F.V. Severin Organization of locomotor synergy (in Russian). Biophysics, Vol. 11, pp. 879-886, 1966

28. F.V. Severin, G.N. Orlovsky, M.L. Shik Activity of muscle receptors during controlled locomotion (in Russian). Biophysics, Vol. 12, pp. 502-511, 1967

29. F.V. Severin, M.L. Shik, G.N. Orlovsky Activity of muscles and single motoneurons during controlled locomotion (in Russian). Biophysics, Vol. 12, pp. 660-668. 1967

30. M.L. Shik, F.V. Severin, G.N. Orlovsky Structures of the brain stem responsible for evoked locomotion (in Russian). Seche

nov J. Physiol., Vol. 53, pp. 1125-1132, 1967

31. M.L. Shik, G.N. Orlovsky, F.V. Severin Locomotion of the mesencephalic cat elicited by pyramidal stimulation (in Russian). Biophysics, Vol. 13, pp. 127-135, 1968

32. F.V. Severin, G.N. Orlovsky, M.L. Shik Antidromic influences on the function of single motoneurones in controlled locomotion (in Russian). Bull. exper. Biol. Medic., Vol. 66, # 7, pp. 5-9, 1968

33. Yu.M. Vasiliev, I.M. Gelfand, S.A. Guberman, M.L. Shik Interaction in biological systems (in Russian). Priroda, # 6, pp. 13-21; # 7, pp. 24-33, 1969

34. A.S. Kulagin, M.L. Shik Interaction of symmetric extremities during controlled locomotion (in Russian). Biophysics, Vol. 15, pp. 164-170, 1970

35. N.N. Budakova, M.L. Shik Effect produced by stimulation of the brain stem region evoking locomotion on the ascending reflexes in mesencephalic cats (in Russian). Bull. exper. Biol. Medic., Vol. 69, # 1, pp 164-170, 1970

36. P.P. Gambarian, G.N. Orlovsky, T.G. Protopopova, F.V. Severin, M.L. Shik Muscular activity during different kinds of cat locomotion and adaptational changes of the organs of movement in the family Felidae (in Russian). Proc. Zool. Inst. Acad. Sci. USSR, Vol. 48, pp. 220-239, 1971

37. M.G. Sirota, T.I. Sirota, M.L. Shik The circulation during the evoked locomotion of the mesencephalic cat (in Russian). Bull. exper. Biol. Medic.,   Vol. 71, # 2, pp. 3-6, 1971

38. A.P.Berdashkevich, M.L. Shik Hypothalamic selfstimulation and frontal poles of the cerebral hemisphere in rats (in Russian). Bull. exper. Biol. Medic., Vol. 71, # 6, pp. 12-16, 1971

39. S. Grillner, M.L. Shik On the descending control of the lumbosacral spinal cord from the "mesencephalic locomotor region". Acta Physiol. Scand., Vol. 87, pp. 320-333, 1973

40. A.S. Yagodnitsyn, M.L. Shik Correlation analysis of spike activity of pairs of neurons in midbrain tegmentum in cats (in Russian). Biophysics, Vol. 18, 762-765, 1973

41. M.G. Sirota, M.L. Shik The cat locomotion under stimulation of the midbrain (in Russian). Sechenov J. Physiol., Vol. 59, pp. 1314-1321, 1973

42. M.L. Shik, A.S. Yagodnitsyn Study of the neuronal connections in the dorsolateral midbrain tegmentum of the cat by the method of microstimulation (in Russian). Neurophysiology, Vol. 5, pp. 593-601, 1973

43. N.N. Budakova, M.L. Shik Stepping movements of the forelimbs and Shiff-Sherrington phenomenon (in Russian). Bull. exper. Biol. & Medic., Vol. 77, # 3, pp. 6-10, 1974

44. A.S. Yagodnitsyn, M.L. Shik Anisotropic connections in cat midbrain tegmentum (in Russian). Neurophysiology, Vol. 6, pp. 602-609, 1974

45. I.S. Losev, M.L. Shik, A.S. Yagodnitsyn The way to estimate the synaptic input of a single neuron in the midbrain tegmentum (in Russian). Biophysics, Vol. 20, pp.901-908, 1975

46. M.L. Shik, G.N. Orlovsky Neurophysiology of locomotor automatism. Physiol. Rev., Vol. 56, pp. 465-501, 1976

47. A.P. Berdashkevich, M.G. Sirota, M.L. Shik Thalamic inhibition of locomotion induced by midbrain stimulation (in Russian). Bull. exper. Biol. & Medic., Vol. 82, # 8, pp. 93-96, 1976

48. G.N. Orlovsky, M.L. Shik Control of locomotion: a neurophysiological analysis of the cat locomotor system. Internat. Rev. Physiol., Vol. 10, pp. 281-317, 1976

49. M.L. Shik, A.S. Yagodnitsyn The pontobulbar "locomotor strip" (in Russian). Neurophysiology, Vol. 9, pp. 95-97, 1977

50. S. Mori, M.L. Shik, A.S. Yagodnitsyn Role of pontine tegmentum for locomotor control in mesencephalic cat. J. Neurophysiol., Vol. 40. pp. 284-295, 1977

51. I.S. Losev, M.L. Shik Sensitivity of a neuron to the changes of synaptic input (in Russian). Biophysics, Vol. 22, pp. 174-175, 1977

52. M.L. Shik, A.S. Yagodnitsyn Neuron responses of the "locomotor strip" in the lower brain stem of the cat (in Russian). Neurophysiology, Vol. 10, pp. 510-518, 1978

53. O.V. Kazennikov, V.A. Selionov, M.L. Shik, G.V. Yakovleva Neurons of upper cervical segments responding to stimulation of the bulbar "locomotor strip" (in Russian). Neurophysiology, Vol. 11, pp. 245-253, 1979

54. N.N. Budakova, M.L. Shik Walking does not require continuity of the medullar "locomotor strip" (in Russian). Bull. exper. Biol. & Medic., Vol. 89,   1, pp. 3-6, 1980                                                                           

55. O.V. Kazennikov, V.A. Selionov, M.L. Shik, G.V. Yakovleva The rhombencephalic "locomotor region" in turtle (in Russian). Neurophysiology, Vol. 12, pp. 382-390, 1980

56. O.V. Kazennikov, M.L. Shik, G.V. Yakovleva Two pathways for the brainstem "locomotor influence" on the spinal cord (in Russian). Sechenov J. Physiol., Vol. 66, pp. 1260-1263, 1980

57. V.A. Selionov, M.L. Shik Responses of medullary neurons to microstimulation of the "locomotor strip" in cat (in Russian). Neurophysiology, Vol. 13, pp. 275-282, 1981

58. V.A. Selionov, M.L. Shik Synaptic responses of medullary neurons of the turtle to stimulation of the locomotor region (in Russian). Neurophysiology, Vol. 14, pp. 122-129, 1982

59. O.V. Kazennikov, M.L. Shik, G.V. Yakovleva Stepping movements elicited by stimulation of the dorsolateral funiculus in the cat spinal cord (in Russian). Bull. exper. Biol. & Medic., Vol. 96, # 8, pp. 8-10, 1983

60. V.A. Selionov, M.L. Shik Synaptic responses of neurons of the lateral medullar reticular formation in cats to stimulation of the locomotor strip (in Russian). Neurophysiology, Vol. 15, pp. 195-197, 1983

61. O.V. Kazennikov, M.L. Shik, G.V. Yakovleva Responses of neurons of upper cervical segments in cat to stimulation of brainstem locomotor region with different frequencies (in Russian). Neurophysiology, Vol. 15, pp. 355-361, 1983

62. V.A. Selionov, M.L. Shik Medullary locomotor strip and column in the cat. Neuroscience, Vol. 13, p. 1267-1278, 1984

63. M.L. Shik Locomotor region of the brain stem and hypothesis on "the locomotor column" (in Russian). Usp. Fisiol. Nauk, Vol. 16, pp. 76-95, 1985                                                                           

64. O.V. Kazennikov, M.L. Shik, G.V. Yakovleva Synaptic responses of propriospinal neurons to stimulation of the stepping strip in the cat dorsolateral funiculus (in Russian). Neurophysiology, Vol. 17, pp. 270-278, 1985

65. S. Mori, V.A. Selionov, M.L. Shik Responses of medullary neurons to stimulation of the locomotor and inhibitory points in the lower brainstem of cat (in Russian). Neurophysiology, Vol. 18, pp.525-533, 1986

66. O.V. Kazennikov, M.L. Shik, N.N. Budakova Activity of spinal neurons and their responses to stimulation of the stepping strip during spontaneous locomotor rhythm (in Russian). Sechenov J. Physiol., Vol. 73, pp. 644-650, 1987

67. V.A. Selionov, M.L. Shik Frequency potentiation of synaptic reactions of neurons in the medial medullary tegmentum to microstimulation of the pontine inhibitory point (in Russian). Neurophysiology, Vol. 20, pp. 172-180, 1988

68. O.V. Kazennikov, M.L. Shik   Propagation of activity along the "stepping strip" of the spinal cord of cat (in Russian). Neurophysiology, Vol. 20, pp. 763-769, 1988

69. O.V. Kazennikov, N.N. Budakova, M.L. Shik   The   ways necessary for eliciting the walking with the stimulation of the brainstem locomotor area (in Russian). Sechenov J. Physiol., Vol. 76, pp. 26-32, 1990

70. O.V. Kazennikov, M.L. Shik, M.E. Ioffe   Origin of fibers in the dorsolateral funiculus of the spinal cord which are necessary to evoke stepping movements in cat (in Russian). Pavlov J. Higher Nerv. Activ., Vol. 40, pp. 165-168, 1990

71. V.A. Selionov, M.L. Shik Two types of responses of medullary neurons to microstimulation of locomotor and inhibitory points of the brain stem (in Russian). Neurophysiology, Vol. 22, pp. 257-266, 1990

72. V.A. Selionov, M.L. Shik Convergence of influences from locomotor points of the midbrain and medulla and from an inhibitory pontine point onto medullary neurons (in Russian). Neurophysiology, Vol. 23: pp. 297-306, 1991      

73. V.A. Selionov, M.L. Shik Bulbar neurons involved in locomotor control (in Russian). Biological Membranes, Vol. 8, pp. 1183-1185, 1991

74. O.V. Kazennikov, K.R. Belyaev, G.V. Yakovleva, M.L. Shik   Synaptic responses of spinal neurons to repetitive microstimulation of a stepping strip (in Russian). Neurophysiology, Vol. 23, pp. 631-633, 1991

75. V.A. Selionov, M.L. Shik Responses of medullary and spinal neurons to simultaneous stimulation of two locomotor points (in Russian). Neurophysiology, Vol. 24, pp. 471-481, 1992

76. M.L. Shik Neurophysiology of mammalian locomotion. Sov. Sci. Rev. F Physiol. Gen. Biol., Vol. 6, pp. 1-49, 1994

77. M.L. Shik Locomotor patterns elicited by electrical stimulation of the brain stem in the mudpuppy. Motor Control, Vol. 1, pp. 354-368, 1997

78. M.L. Shik Recognizing propriospinal and reticulospinal systems of initiation of locomotion. Motor Control, Vol. 1, pp. 310-313, 1997

CHAPTERS IN BOOKS      

1. I.M. Gelfand, V.S. Gurfinkel, M.L. Tsetlin, M.L. Shik Some problems of investigation of movements (in Russian). Models of the Structural-Functional Organization of Certain Biological Systems, eds. I,M. Gelfand, V.S. Gurfinkel, V.S. Fomin, M.L. Tsetlin. Nauka, Moscow , pp. 264-276, 1966      

2. V.S. Gurfinkel, L.E. Sotnikova, O.D. Tereshkov, S.V. Fomin, M.L. Shik Analysis of physiological tremor on a computer (in Russian). Models ... , pp. 277-291, 1966      

3. V.S. Gurfinkel, Ya.M. Kots, V.I. Krinsky, E.I. Paltsev, A.G. Feldman, M.L. Tsetlin, M.L. Shik On setting before the movement (in Russian). Models ... , pp. 292-301, 1966      

4. Ya.M. Kots, V.I. Krinsky, V.L. Naydin, M.L. Shik Control of joint movements and kinesthetics (in Russian). Models ... , pp. 302-309, 1966      

5. M.L. Shik The spinal cord (in Russian). Clinical Neurophysiology (Handbook of Physiology), ed. N.P. Bechtereva. Nauka, Lenin

grad, pp. 177-190, 1972      

6. M.L. Shik Control of terrestrial locomotion in mammals (in Russian) Physiology of Movements (Handbook of Physiology), ed. V.S. Gurfinkel. Nauka, Leningrad , pp. 234-275, 1976      

7. M.L. Shik Action of the brainstem locomotor region on spinal stepping generators via propriospinal pathways. Spinal Cord Reconstruction, eds. C.C. Kao, R.P. Bunge, P.J. Reier. Raven, New York , pp. 421-434, 1983      

8. I.M. Gelfand, G.N. Orlovsky, M.L. Shik Locomotion and scratching in tetrapods. "Neural Control of Rhythmic Movements in Vertebrates", eds. A.H. Cohen, S. Rossignol, S. Grillner. Wiley, New York , pp. 167-199, 1988       

9. M.L. Shik Studies on locomotion as a tool to research the axial nervous system in vertebrates (in Russian). Control of Movements, eds. A.A. Mitkin, H. Pick. 1990, pp. 174-183. Nauka, Moscow , pp. 174-183, 1990      

10. M.L. Shik Brainstem and spinal mechanisms of control of locomotion (locomotor automatism) (in Russian) Intellectual Processes and Their Modeling. Organization of Movement", ed. A.V. Chernavsky. Nauka, Moscow , pp. 173-190, 1991

PAPERS PRESENTED AT SCIENTIFIC MEETINGS

1. V.S. Gurfinkel, P.G. Kostyuk, M.L. Shik On some possible ways of descending control of spinal cord activity in connection with the problem of movement organization. Symp. papers of 4th internat. biophysics congress (IUPAB), symp. on Medical Biophysics Acad. Sci., Moscow, pp.29-41, 1973

2. V.S. Gurfinkel, M.L. Shik The control of posture and locomotion Motor Control, eds. A.A. Gydikov, N.T. Tankov, D.S. Kosarov. Plenum, New York, pp. 217-243, 1973

3. M.L. Shik Control of locomotion (pp. 143-148); Locomotion. Concluding remarks (pp. 189-192) Regulatory Functions of the CNS. Motion and Organization Principles, eds. J. Szentagothai, M. Palkovits, J. Hamori. Pergamon, Budapest, 1980

4. M.L. Shik An hypothesis on the bulbospinal locomotor column Neurobiology of Vertebrate Locomotion, eds. S. Grillner, P.G. Stein, D.G. Stuart, H. Forssberg, R.M. Herman. MacMillan, London, pp. 39-49, 1986

5. O.V. Kazennikov, V.A. Selionov, M.L. Shik On the bulbospinal locomotor column in the cat. Stance and Motion. Facts and Concepts, eds. V.S. Gurfinkel, M.E. Ioffe, J. Massion, J.P. Roll. Plenum, New York, pp. 123-131, 1988

6. M.L. Shik, V.A. Selionov Different populations of medullary neurons contributing to the control of locomotion. Muscle Afferents and Spinal Control of Movement, eds. L. Jami, E. Pierrot-Deseilligni, D. Zytnicki, IBRO Symposium at the College de France. Pergamon Press, Oxford, pp. 447-451, 1992

7. I. Bar Gad, I. Kagan, M.L. Shik Behavior of hindbrain neurons during the transition from rest to evoked locomotion in a newt. Peripheral and Spinal Mechanisms in the Neural Control of Movement, ed. M.D. Binder, Progress in Brain Research, vol. 123, pp. 285-294, 1999

8. I. Kagan, M.L. Shik. How the mesencephalic locomotor region recruits hindbrain neurons. Brain Mechanisms for the Integration of Posture and Movement, eds. S Mori, DG Stuart, M Wiesendanger, Progr Brain Res, vol. 143, pp 221-230, 2004