Personal Information

Education

1957	B.Sc. University of California at Los Angeles, USA, Chemistry
1961	Ph.D. College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, NY, NY, USA, Biochemistry Major Supervisors: Professors Stephen Zamenhof and David Rittenberg. Thesis title: "Type Specific Substances of Hemophilus influenzae"
1961-1962	Postdoctoral Fellow of NIH in the Organic Chemistry Laboratory of Professor Alexander Todd, Cambridge, England

Academic Positions

1962-1967	Assistant Professor, Department of Bacteriology, University of California at Los Angeles
1967-1970	Associate Professor, Department of Bacteriology & Institute of Molecular Biology, University of California at Los Angeles
1970-1975	Associate Professor, Department of Microbiology, Tel Aviv University
1975-present	Professor, Department of Microbiology, Tel Aviv University

Other Appointments

1972-1974	Chairman, Department of Microbiology, Tel Aviv University
1977-1980	Microbiology Advisor to U.S.-Israel Binational Science Foundation
1977-1983	Advisor to Israel National Academy of Science
1987-1990	Member of the Biotechnology Committee for the Council of Higher Education, Israel
1991-1992	Biotechnology Committee of the Israel Ministry of Industry
1991-1995	Director, Biotechnology Institute, Tel Aviv University
1991-1996	Member of the Board of Governors, Tel Aviv University
1996-1999	Advisor to Ministry of Science (French-Israel Water Pollution)
1997-present	Member of the Israel Committee for Emerging Diseases

Academic and Professional Awards

1983-1984	Guggenheim Fellow and Visiting Professor. M.I.T., Cambridge, Mass
1988	Braverman Lecture, Technion, Haifa
1989-present	Pasha Gol Chair of Applied Microbiology, Tel Aviv University
1990	Lowell Lecturer in Biotechnology, Northeastern University
1992	Pan Lab Award, Society of Industrial Microbiology, San Diego
1993-1996	Fogarty International Scholar, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland USA
1994	The Israel Prize for a "Cleaner Israel"

Full Publications

1. Rosenberg, E. "Cell and Molecular Biology: An Appreciation", 234 pages, 1971. Holt, Rinehart and Winston, Inc., N.Y.

2. Rosenberg, E. and I.R. Cohen. "Microbial Biology", 501 pages, 1983. Saunders, Philadelphia.

3. Rosenberg, E. (ed) "Myxobacteria: Development and Cell Interactions", 301 pages, 1984. Springer-Verlag, New York.

4. Cohen, Y. and E. Rosenberg (eds), "Microbial Mats", 494 pages, ASM Publications, 1989.

5. Rosenberg, E. (ed) "Microorganisms to Combat Pollution", 398 pages, 1993. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Netherlands.

6. Rosenberg, E. (ed) "Microbial Ecology and Infectious Disease", 1998, ASM Press. 320 pages

7. Rosenberg, E. and Y. Loya (eds), Coral Health and Disease”, Springer-Verlag, New York, 2003 (in press)

B. REFEREED ARTICLES

1. Rosenbluh, A. and E. Rosenberg. 1990. Role of autocide AMI in development of Myxococcus xanthus. J. Bacteriol. 172:4307-4314.

2. Bernadsky, G. and E. Rosenberg. 1992. Drag-reducing properties of bacteria from the skin of the cornetfish (Fistularia commersonii). Microbial Ecology 24:63-76.

3. Varon, M., N. Fuchs, M. Monosov, S. Tolchinsky and E. Rosenberg. 1992. Mutation and mapping of genes involved in antibiotic TA production in Myxococcus xanthus. Antimicrob. Agents & Chemother. 36:2316-2321.


4. Tolchinsky, S., N. Fuchs, M. Varon and E. Rosenberg. 1992. Use of Tn5lac to study expression of genes required for antibiotic TA production. Antimicrob. Agents & Chemother. 36:2322-2327.

5. Hogman, S., H. Joves, E. Rosenberg and Y. Shoham. 1992. Bleachability improvement of softwood Kraft pulp through treatment with an alkali- and thermostable xylanase. In: M. Kuwahara, M. Shimada (eds), Biotechnology in Pulp and Paper Industry. Proceedings from the Fifth International Conference on Biotechnology in the Pulp and Paper Industry, Kyoto, Japan. pp. 107-113.

6. Bernadsky, G. and E. Rosenberg. 1992. Drag-reduction of fish-skin mucus: Relationship to mode of swimming and size. Journal of Fish Biology, 42: 797-800.

7. Rosenberg, E., R. Legmann, A. Kushmaro, R. Taube, E. Adler and E.Z. Ron. 1992. Petroleum bioremediation: a multiphase problem. Biodegradation 3:337-350.

8. Ron, E.Z., D. Minz, N.P. Finkelstein and E. Rosenberg. 1992. Interactions of bacteria with cadmium. Biodegradation 3: 161-170.

9. Shoham Y, Schwartz Z, Khasin A, Gat O, Zosim Z, Rosenberg, E. 1992. Delignification of wood pulp by a thermostable xylanase from Bacillus stearothermophilus strain T-6. Biodegradation 3:207-218.

10. Bezalel, L., Y. Shoham and E. Rosenberg. 1993. Characterization and delignification activity of a thermostable -L-arabinofuranosidase from Bacillus stearothermophilus. Appl. Microbiol. & Biotechnol. 40:57

11. Shoham, Y., Z. Zosim and E. Rosenberg. 1993. Partial decolorization of Kraft pulp at high temperature and at pH values with an extracellular xylanase from Bacillus stearothermophilus. J. Biotechnol. 30: 121-131.

12. Lundgren KR, Berkvist L, Hogman S, Joves H, Eriksson G, Bartfai T, van der Laan J, Rosenberg E, Shoham Y. 1993. Bleaching softwood pulp with Korsnas thermostable and alkaline stable xylanase T-6 and lignox. Svensk Papperstidning/nordisk cellulose. 7:40-42.

13. Lundgren KR, Berkvist L, Hogman S, Joves H, Eriksson G, Bartfai T, van der Laan J, Rosenberg E, Shoham Y. 1994. TCF mill trial on softwood pulp with Korsnas thermostable and alkaline stable xylanase T6. FEMS Microbiol. Rev. 13: 365-368.

14. Elkeles, A., E. Rosenberg and E.Z. Ron. 1994. Azide-resistant mutants in Acinetobacter calcoaceticus A2 are defective in protein secretion. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 116: 221-224.

15. Elkeles, A., E. Rosenberg and E.Z. Ron. 1994. Production and secretion of the polysaccharide biodispersan of Acinetobacter calcoaceticus A2 in protein secretion mutants. Appl. & Environ. Microbiol. 60: 4642-4645.

16. Navon-Venezia, S., Zosim, Z., Gottlieb, A., Legmann, R., Carmeli, S., Ron, E.Z. and E. Rosenberg. 1995. Alasan, a new bioemulsifier from Acinetobacter radioresistens. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 61: 3240-3244.

17. Minz, D., E. Rosenberg and E.Z. Ron. 1996. Cadmium binding by bacteria: screening and characterization of new isolates and mutants. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 135: 191-194.

18. Varon, M. and E. Rosenberg. 1996. Transcriptional regulation of genes required for Antibiotic TA synthesis in Myxococcus xanthus. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 136: 203-208.

19. Kushmaro, A., Y. Loya, M. Fine and E. Rosenberg. 1996. Bacterial infection causes bleaching of the coral Oculina patagonica. Nature 380:396.

20. Rosenberg, E., R. Legmann, A. Kushmaro, E. Adler, H. Abir and E.Z. Ron. 1996. Oil bioremediation using insoluble nitrogen source. J.Biotechnol. 51: 273-278.

21. Kushmaro, A., E. Rosenberg, M. Fine and Y. Loya. 1997. Bleaching of the coral Oculina patagonica by Vibrio AK-1. Mar. Ecol. Progr. Ser. 147: 159-165.

22. Varon, M., Y. Paitan and E. Rosenberg. 1997. Trans-acting regulation of antibiotic TA genes in Myxococcus xanthus. FEMS Microbiol Lett. 155: 141-146.

23. Toren, A., Laundau, L., Kushmaro, A., Loya, Y. and Rosenberg, E. 1998. Effect of temperature on the adhesion of Vibrio AK-1 to Oculina patagonica and coral bleaching. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 64: 1379-1384.

24. Navon-Venezia, S., E. Banin, E.Z. Ron and E. Rosenberg. 1998. The bioemulsifier alasan: role of protein in maintaining structure and activity. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 49: 382-384.

25. Paitan, Y., N. Boulton, E.Z. Ron, E. Rosenberg and E. Orr. 1998. Molecular analysis of the DNA gryB gene from Myxococcus xanthus. Microbiology 144: 1641-1647.

26. Kushmaro, A., Y Ben Haim, M. Fine, E. Rosenberg and Y. Loya. 1998. Effect of temperature on bleaching of the coral O. patagonica by Vibrio AK1. Mar. Ecol. Progr. Ser. 171: 131-137.

27. Paitan, Y., E. Orr, E.Z. Ron and E. Rosenberg. 1999. A NusG-like transcription anti-terminator is involved in the biosynthesis of the polyketide antibiotic TA of Myxococcus xanthus. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 170: 221-227.

28. Paitan, Y., G. Alon, E. Orr, E.Z. Ron and E. Rosenberg 1999. The first gene in the biosynthesis of the polyketide antibiotic TA of Myxococcus xanthus codes for a unique PKS module coupled to a peptide synthetase. J. Mol. Biol. 286: 465-474.

29. Paitan, Y., E. Orr, E.Z. Ron and E. Rosenberg. 1999. Cloning and characterization of a Myxococcus xanthus cytochrome P-450 hydroxylase required for biosynthesis of the polyketide antibiotic TA. Gene 228: 147-153.

30 Ben-Haim, Y., E. Banin, A. Kushmaro, Y. Loya and E. Rosenberg, 1999. Inhibition of photosynthesis and bleaching of zooxanthellae by the coral pathogen Vibrio shiloi. Environ. Microbiol. 1:223-229.

31. Paitan, Y., E. Orr, E.Z. Ron, and E. Rosenberg. 1999. A nonessential signal peptidase II (Lsp) of Myxococcus xanthus might be involved in biosynthesis of the polyketide antibiotic TA. J. Bacteriol. 181: 5644-5651.

32. Rosenberg, E., and E.Z. Ron. 1999. High-and low-molecular-mass microbial surfactants. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 52: 154-162.

33. Barkay, T., S. Navon-Venezia, E.Z. Ron, and E. Rosenberg. 1999. Enhancement of solubilization and biodegradation of polyaromatic hydrocarbons by the bioemulsifier alasan. Appl Environ. Microbiol. 65: 2697-2702.


34. Paitan, Y., E. Orr, E.Z. Ron and E. Rosenberg. 1999. Genetic and functional analysis of genes required for post-modification of the polyketide antibiotic TA of Myxococcus xanthus. Microbiology 145: 3059-3067.

36. Banin, E., T. Israely, A. Kushmaro, Y. Loya, E. Orr, and E. Rosenberg. 2000. Penetration of the coral-bleaching bacterium Vibrio shiloi into Oculina patagonica. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 66: 3031-3036.

37. Osterreicher-Ravid, D., E.Z. Ron and E. Rosenberg. 2000. Horizontal transfer of an exopolymer complex from one bacterial species to another. Environ. Microbiol. 2: 1-8.

38. Banin, E., Y. Ben-Haim, T. Israely, Y. Loya and E. Rosenberg. 2000. Effect of the environment on the bacterial bleaching of corals. Water, Air and Soil Pollut. 123: 337-352.

39. Toren, A., S. Navon-Venezia, E.Z. Ron and E. Rosenberg. 2001. Emulsifying activity of purified alasan proteins from Acinetobacter radioresistens KA53. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 67: 1102-1106.

40. Banin, E., S. K. Khare, F. Naider and E. Rosenberg. 2001. A proline-rich peptide from the coral pathogen Vibrio shiloi that inhibits photosynthesis of zooxanthellae. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 67: 1536-1541.

41. Kushmaro, A., E. Banin, E. Stackebrandt and E. Rosenberg. 2001. Vibrio shiloi sp. nov.: the causative agent of bleaching of the coral Oculina patagonica. IJSEM 51: 1383-1388.

42. Israely, T., E. Banin and E. Rosenberg. 2001. Growth, differentiation and death of Vibrio shiloi in coral tissue as a function of seawater temperature. Aquatic Microbial Ecology 24: 1-8.

43. Kelman, D., Y. Kashman, E. Rosenberg, M. Ilan, I. Ifrach and Y. Loya. 2001. Antimicrobial activity of the reef sponge Amphimedon viridis from the Red Sea: evidence for selective toxicity. Aquatic Microbial Ecology 24: 9-16.

44. Simhi, E., H.C. van der Mei, E.Z. Ron, E. Rosenberg and H.J. Busscher. 2000. Effect of the adhesive antibiotic TA on adhesion and initial growth of E. coli on silicone rubber. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 192: 97-100.

45. Banin, E., T. Israely, M. Fine, Y. Loya and E. Rosenberg. 2001. Role of endosymbiotic zooxanthellae and coral mucus in the adhesion of the coral-bleaching pathogen Vibrio shiloi to its host. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 199: 33-37.

46. Paitan, Y., E. Orr, E.Z. Ron, E. Rosenberg. 2001. An unusual -ketoacyl:acyl carrier protein synthase and acyltransferase motifs in TaK, a putative protein required for biosynthesis of the antibiotic TA in Myxococcus xanthus. FEMS Microbiol Lett. 203: 191-197.

47. Fine, M., E. Banin, T. Israely, E. Rosenberg and Y. Loya. 2002. Ultraviolet (UV) radiation prevents bacterial bleaching of the Mediterranean coral Oculina patagonica. Mar. Ecol. Progr. Ser. 226: 249-254.

48. Toren, A., E. Orr, Y. Paitan, E.Z. Ron, E. Rosenberg. 2002. The active component of the bioemulsifier alasan from Acinetobacter radioresistens KA53 is an OmpA-like protein. J. Bacteriol. 184: 165-170.

50. Ben-Haim, Y. and E. Rosenberg. 2002. A novel Vibrio sp. pathogen of the coral Pocillopora damicornis. Marine Biol. 141: 47-55.

51. Toren, A., Ron, E.Z., Beckerman, R. and E. Rosenberg. 2002. Solubilization of polyaromatic hydrocarbons by recombinant bioemulsifier AlnA. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 59: 580-584.

52. Banin, E., D. Vassilakos, E. Orr, R.J. Martinez, E. Rosenberg. 2002. Superoxide dismutase is a virulence factor produced by the coral bleaching pathogen Vibrio shiloi. Curr. Microbiol. Published on-line: DOI: 10.1007/s00284-002-3912-5

53. Ben-Haim, Y., F.L. Thompson, C.C. Thompson, M.C. Cnockaert, B. Hoste, J. Swings, E. Rosenberg. 2003. Vibrio coralliilyticus sp. nov., a temperature-dependent pathogen of the coral Pocillopora damicornis. IJSEM 53: 309-315.

54. Woodley, C.M., C.A. Downs, J.E. Fauth, E. Mueller, J.C.Halas, J.A. Bemiss, Y. Ben-Haim and E. Rosenberg. 2003 A novel molecular diagnostic system to assess the physiological status of corals. Proceedings of the 9th ICRS, Bali (in press)

55. Toren A., Y. Gefen, E.Z. Ron and E. Rosenberg. 2003. Solubilization of phenanthrene by recombinant protein bioemulsans. Biochem. Eng. Journal (Publised on-line DOI:10.1016/S1369-703X(03)00033-0)

56. Ben-Haim, Y., M. Zicherman-Keren and E. Rosenberg. 2003. Temperature-regulated bleaching and lysis of the coral Pocillopora damicornis by the novel pathogen Vibrio coralliilyticus. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. (in press).

57. Meir Sussman, M., Y. Loya, M. Fine and E. Rosenberg. 2003. The marine fireworm Hermodice carunculata is a winter reservoir and spring-summer vector for the coral-bleaching pathogen Vibrio shiloi. Environ. Microbiol. 5: 250-255.

C. CHAPTERS IN BOOKS

1. Rosenberg, E. and N. Sar. 1990. Changes in bacterial surface hydrophobicity during morphogenesis and differentiation. In: R.J. Doyle and M. Rosenberg (eds), Microbial Cell Surface Hydrophobicity. ASM Publication, Washington, D.C.

2. Rosenberg, E. 1991. Surface active and drag-reducing polymers. In: Kamely, Chakrabarty and Kornguth (eds), Biotechnology: Bridging Research and Applications. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Netherlands.

3. Rosenbluh, A. and E. Rosenberg. 1993. Developmental Lysis and Autocides. p.213-233. In: Myxobacteria II, M. Dworkin & D. Kaiser (eds), ASM, Washington, D.C.

4. Rosenberg, E. and E.Z. Ron. 1996. Bioremediation of Petroleum Contamination. In: Bioremediation: Principles and Applications, R.L. & D.L. Crawford (eds), Cambridge University Press. pp. 100-124

5. Rosenberg, E. 1998. Microbial Diversity as a source of potential useful biopolymers. In: Recent Advances in Marine Biotechnology: Environmental Marine Biotechnology, Vol. 2 (eds. M. Fingerman, R. Nagabhushanam and M.F. Thompson) pp. 255-269.

6. Rosenberg, E., Navon-Venezia, S., Zilber-Rosenberg, I. and E.Z. Ron. 1998. Rate-limiting steps in the biodegradation of hydrocarbons". In: Soil and Aquifier Pollution (ed. H. Rubin, N. narkis and J. Canberry), pp. 159-172.

7. Rosenberg, E. and E.Z. Ron. 1998. Surface active polymers from the genus Acinetobacter. In: Biopolymers from Renewable Resources, D.L. Kaplan (ed.), pp 281-291, Springer-Verlag.

8. Rosenberg, E., Y. Ben-Haim, A. Toren, U. Banin, A. Kushmaro, M. Fine and Y. Loya. 1998. Effect of temperature on bacterial bleaching of corals. In: Microbial Ecology & Infectious Disease, E. Rosenberg (ed), ASM Press. pp. 242-254.

9. Rosenberg E., T. Barkay, S. Navon-Venezia and E.Z. Ron, 1999. Role of Acinetobacter bioemulsans in petroleum degradation. In: Novel Appproaches for Bioremediation of Organic Pollution, Fass et al (eds), Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers, 171-180 (chapter 17).

10. Rosenberg E., T. Barkay, S. Navon-Venezia, and E.Z. Ron. 1999. Role of Acinetobacter bioemulsans in petroleum degradation. In: Novel Approaches for Bioremediation of Organic Pollution. Fass, Flashner and Reuevny (eds), Kluwer/Plenum Publishers, N.Y. pp. 171-180.

11. Rosenberg, E. 1999. Biotechnology and applied microbiology. In: The Prokaryotes. Chapter 7. Springer-Verlag, New York.

12. Rosenberg, E. 1999. The hydrocarbon-oxidizing bacteria. In: The Prokaryotes. Chapter 19. Springer Verlag, New York.

13. Rosenberg, E., and E.Z. Ron. 2000. Biosurfactants. In: The Prokaryotes. Springer-Verlag, New York

14. Rosenberg, E. and E.Z. Ron. 2001. Bioemulsans: surface active polysaccharide-containing complexes. In: Biopolymers (ed. A. Steinbuchel), 5: 91-112.

D. REVIEWS

1. Rosenberg, E. 1993. Microbial diversity as a source of useful biopolymers. (Pan Award) J. Ind. Microbiol. 11: 131-137.

2. Rosenberg, E. 1993. Exploiting microbial growth on hydrocarbons - new markets. Trends in Biotechnol. 11: 419-423.

3. Rosenberg, E. and M. Dworkin. 1996. Autocides and a paracide, Antibiotic TA, produced by Myxococcus xanthus. J Ind. Microbiol. 17:424-431.

4. Rosenberg, E. and E. Ron. 1997. Bioemulsans: microbial polymeric emulsifiers. Curr. Opin. In Biotechnol. 8: 313-316.

5. Rosenberg, E., and Y. Loya. 1999. Vibrio shiloi is the etiological (causative) agent of Oculina patagonica bleaching: General implications. Reef Encounter, No. 25: 8-10.

6. Ron, E. and E. Rosenberg. 2001. Natural roles of biosurfactants. Environ. Microbiol. 3: 229-236.

7. Rosenberg, E. and Y. Ben-Haim. 2002. Microbial diseases of corals and global warming. Environ. Microbiol. 4: 318-326.

8. Ron, E.Z. and E. Rosenberg. 2002. Biosurfactants and oil bioremediation. Curr. Op. in Biotechnol. 13: 249-252.

9. Banin, E., Y. Ben-Haim, M. Fine, T. Israely and E. Rosenberg. 2003. Virulence mechanisms of the coral bleaching pathogen Vibrio shiloi. Proceedings of the 9th ICRS Symposium, Bali. (in press)

I. ON ANTIBIOTIC TA (USA PATENTS)

E. Rosenberg. A novel antibiotic from Myxococcus xanthus TA. 1976. No. 3,973,005 (USA).

Rosenberg, E., E.Z. Ron, E. Orr and Y. Paitan. Antibiotic TA gene cluster. 1999. No. 240537 (USA)

II. ON EMULSANS (USA PATENTS)

Gutnick, D.L. and E. Rosenberg. 1976. Cleaning of cargo compartments. No. 3,941,692.

Gutnick, D.L. and E. Rosenberg. 1980. Production of emulsans. No. 4,230,801.

Gutnick, D.L., E. Rosenberg and Y. Shoham. 1980. Production of -emulsans. No. 4,234,689.

Gutnick, D.L. and E. Rosenberg. 1981. Cleaning oil-contaminated vessels with -emulsans.
No 4,276,094.

Gutnick, D.L., E. Rosenberg, I. Belsky and Z. Zosim. 1982. Apo--emulsans. No. 4,311,829.

Gutnick, D.L., E. Rosenberg, I. Belsky and Z. Zosim. 1982. Apo--emulsans. No. 4,311,830.

Gutnick, D.L., E. Rosenberg, I. Belsky and Z. Zosim. 1982. Apo--emulsans. No. 4,311,831.

Gutnick, D.L., E. Rosenberg, I. Belsky and Z. Zosim. 1982. Proemulsans. No. 4,311,832.

Gutnick, D.L., E. Rosenberg, I. Belsky and Z. Zosim. 1983. -emulsans. No. 4,380,504.

Gutnick, D.L., E. Rosenberg, I. Belsky and Z. Zosim. 1983. Polyanionic heteropolysaccharide biopolymers. No. 4,395,353.

Gutnick, D.L., E. Rosenberg, I. Belsky and Z. Zosim. 1983. Emulsans. No. 4,395,354.

Shoham, Y., D.L. Gutnick and E. Rosenberg. 1987. Enzymatic degradation of lipopolysaccharide bioemulsifiers. No. 4,704,360.

Sar, N., E. Rosenberg, D.L. Gutnick and E. Nestaas. 1984. Bioemulsifier production by Acinetobacter calcoaceticus strains. No. 4,676,916.

III ON BIODISPERSAN (USA PATENT)

E. Rosenberg and E. Ron. "Bacterial process for the production of biodispersants". U.S. Patent No. 4,921,793, May, 1990.
Israel-Patent Application No. 76981.
U.K. Patent No. 8626693.9, May, 1990.
Canadian Patent No. 1301683,
French Patent No. 2,589,881
Swiss Patent No. 672500-4, 1990

Subsequent patent applications in the Common Market: U.S., South Africa, Canada, Australia.

IV. OIL-DEGRADING BACTERIA

E. Rosenberg and E.Z. Ron. "Non polluting compositions to degrade hydrocarbons and microorganisms for use thereof"
U.S. Patent No. 5,780,290 July 14, 1998

V. ON ALASAN

Rosenberg, E. and E. Ron
U.S. Patent No. 5,840,547 (November 24, 1998).

VI. ON ENZYMATIC DELIGNIFICATION OF WOOD PULP

E. Rosenberg, Y. Shoham. "-L-arabinofuranosidase and xylanase from Bacillus stearothermophilus NCIMB 40222, NCIMB 40222 or mutant thereof for delignification". Patent No. 5,434,071, USA, July 18, 1995.

VII. ON FOCUSIN

Focusin: U.S.A. Patent No. 5,532,231 July, 1995