ASTROPHYSICS,
GEOPHYSICS, ELEMENTARY PARTICLE PHYSICS, GAMMA RAY AND NEUTRINO ASTRONOMY
COSMIC
RAY ASTROPHYSICS AND GEOPHYSICS
TEL AVIV UNIVERSITY AND
TECHNION
Lecture 1. Cosmic rays as
phenomenon in the Universe, main properties and classification of CR and its
variations.
1.1. Historical
introduction: discovery of CR, discussion on its origin, discovery in CR
positrons, muons, pions, strange and other elementary particles, discovery of
EAS and multiple particle generation.
1.2. Many
aspects of CR research: elementary particle physics, astrophysics, solar
physics, geophysics, archeology, geology, meteorology, atmospheric electricity,
problem of ozone layer, lower ionosphere and radio wave propagation, possible
application for prediction of space dangerous phenomena.
1.3. Space plasma, particle
acceleration, two maximums in energy particle distribution function, cosmic
rays (CR) as universal phenomenon, CR and second low of thermodynamics.
1.4.
Super-high energy CR and its possible metagalactic origin.
1.5. Galactic
CR: energy spectrum, isotopic and chemical composition, solar and stellar
anisotropy, energetics, possible sources.
1.6. Solar and
stellar CR (flare energetic particles): neutral and charged particles, energy
spectrum, isotopic and chemical composition, anisotropy, energetics, possible
acceleration mechanisms.
1.7.
Interplanetary CR (interplanetary energetic particles, accelerated in the
Heliosphere).
1.8.
Magnetospheric CR (magnetospheric energetic particles, accelerated in planetary
rotating magnetospheres of the Earth, Jupiter, Saturn and others).
1.9. CR time
variations and its classification, secondary CR, integral multiplicity and
coupling functions.
Lecture 2. Experimental
methods of CR research.
2.1. Long-time
ground measurements of CR intensity by Compton type ionization chambers, by
muon telescopes, by Simpson type neutron monitors and neutron supermonitors.
2.2. Long-time
measurements of CR intensity, spectrum and chemical composition on balloons.
2.3. CR
latitude surveys: using the Earth as giant magnetic spectrograph; experimental
determination of coupling functions.
2.4. Long-time
underground measurements of CR intensity.
2.5. Long-time
measurements of very high energy CR by EAS arrays; Auger Project.
2.6. CR world
network stations as multi-directional giant CR space probe for high and very
high energies.
2.7.
Measurements of small energy CR: energetic spectrum, isotopic and charge
composition; measurements on satellites, local space probes, Ulysses, and on
space probes moved to the boundary of the Heliosphere.
Lecture 3. CR and
cosmogenic nuclides.
3.1.
Introduction and classification, cosmogenic integral multiplicity and coupling
function.
3.2.
Production rate and contents of cosmogenic nuclides in space.
3.3.
Production rate and contents of cosmogenic nuclides in dust.
3.4.
Production rate and contents of cosmogenic nuclides in astrophysical objects
without atmospheres.
3.5.
Time-variation and coupling functions for cosmogenic nuclide
production rate in the
moved astrophysical objects without atmospheres.
3.6.
Cosmogenic nuclides in the Moon’s samples and meteorites.
3.7.
Production rate and contents of cosmogenic nuclides in atmospheres of stars and
planets.
3.8.
Production rate and local coupling functions for cosmogenic nuclide production
rate in the vertical column of the atmosphere (vertical mixing).
3.9. Planetary
mixing in the atmosphere and planetary coupling functions for cosmogenic
nuclide production rate.
3.10. CR and
time variations of cosmogenic nuclide contents: two-reservoir model of elements
mixing on the planet.
3.11. CR and
time variations of cosmogenic nuclide contents: five-reservoir model of
elements mixing on the planet.
3.12.
Radiocarbon method and radiocarbon local and planetary coupling functions.
Integral radiocarbon multiplicities for primary protons and primary high-energy
gamma-quants.
3.13. Be-10
method.
3.14. Main
cosmogenic nuclide results: discovery of sufficient CR variations in the past,
connected with great changes of geomagnetic field, with solar activity cycles,
with local and possible distant Supernova explosions.
Lecture 4. CR in the
atmosphere.
4.1. CR propagation through
the atmosphere, formation of meson-nuclear and electromagnetic cascades.
4.2.
Generation by primary CR in the atmosphere charged and neutral pions, muons,
secondary gamma-rays, electrons and positrons, neutrino, neutrons, Cherenkov
radiation, stable and unstable cosmogenic nuclides.
4.3. Integral
multiplicity for different secondary CR and calculations of coupling functions.
The dependence of integral multiplicity from zenith angle of arriving primary
particle.
4.4. CR
influence on the lower ionosphere and radio-wave propagation.
4.5. On the
role of CR in the natural balance of ozone layer.
4.6. On the
role of CR in formation of air electrical conductivity.
Lecture 5. CR
meteorological effects.
5.1. General
theory of CR meteorological effects; meteorological coefficients for integral
multiplicities.
5.2. Theory of
barometric and temperature effects in muon component.
5.3. Theory of
barometric and temperature effects in neutron monitor counting rate: on the
role of mesoatoms, generated in neutron monitor by small energy negative muons.
5.4. Humidity,
wind and gravity CR effects.
5.5. CR
charged particle acceleration and deceleration by atmospheric electric field
and effects in muon component and in neutron monitor counting rate.
5.6.
Barometric and temperature effects of EAS frequency.
Lecture 6. CR in
geomagnetic field.
6.1. Dipole
approximation and Stermer theory, cut-off rigidities in dependence of
geomagnetic latitude, zenith and azimuth angles of arriving CR particles.
6.2. Real
geomagnetic field, internal and external sources, time variations, Gauss
coefficients, International Geomagnetic Field Models.
6.3.
Trajectory calculations for antiprotons, started from the Earth; penumbra and
effective cut-off rigidities.
6.4. Radiation
zones and magnetospheric electric currents, change during storms, influence on
effective cut-off rigidities.
6.5.
Interplanetary shock wave interaction with magnetosphere, CR variations of
geomagnetic origin.
6.6. Influence
of geomagnetic field on CR trajectories, acceptance cones, coupling functions
and global method of determining CR distribytion function out of magnetosphere.
6.7. Method of
spectographic equations and separation of CR variations of atmospheric and
geomagnetic origin.
6.8.
Global-spectrographic method of determining CR distribution function out of
magnetosphere.
Lecture 7. CR propagation
in the Heliosphere, long-term modulation and hysteresis effects.
7.1. Kinetic
of CR in moving space plasma with frozen in regular and turbulence magnetic
field.
7.2. Diffusion
approximation of CR propagation and acceleration in moving space plasma with
frozen in regular and turbulence magnetic field.
7.3.
Anisotropic and isotropic CR diffusion in solar wind with spiral magnetic field
disordered by shock waves, moving magnetic clouds, Alfven turbulence.
7.4. Long-term
CR modulation, 11- and 22-year variations, hysteresis effects, and dimension of
the Heliosphere.
7.5. Solar
activity and long-term CR modulation parameters, calculations of long-term CR
variations in the last few hunred years.
Lecture 8. Short-term CR
variations, Forbush-decreases and precursory effects.
8.1. Seasonal
and 27-day CR variations.
8.2.
Interplanetary shock waves and magnetic clouds, origin of CR Forbush-decreases.
8.3. CR
scintillations and its possible origin.
8.4. CR
precursory effects and possibility of CR data using for prediction of great
geomagnetic storms connected with Forbush-decreases.
Lecture 9. CR anisotropies
and gradients in the interplanetary space.
9.1.
Convection-diffusion and drift CR anisotropies in the interplanetary space.
9.2. Theory of
CR anisotropic diffusion and statistical properties of CR anisotropies,
distribution function of CR gradients.
9.3.
North-South CR anisotropy and its long-term variation.
9.4. CR
anisotropies and interplanetary neutral current sheet.
9.5. Separation
of convection-diffusion and drift CR anisotropies, dependence from particle
energy, determination of CR gradients perpendicular to equatorial plane.
Lecture 10. CR propagation
and acceleration processes and nonlinear effects in space plasma.
10.1. CR
pressure effect.
10.2. CR
kinetic stream instability effect.
10.3.
Influence of CR pressure on solar wind propagation, Mach number and formation
of terminal shock wave.
10.4.
Influence of CR kinetic stream instability effect on CR modulation in the outer
Heliosphere.
10.5.
Self-consistent problem of solar wind propagation and cosmic ray modulation in
the Heliosphere.
10.6. Galactic
wind driving by CR and nonlinear effects in halo.
10.7.
Nonlinear effects in CR sources.
10.8. CR
acceleration by shock waves and nonlinear effects.
10.9. CR
acceleration in magnetic field reconnection regions and nonlinear effects.
10.10. CR
acceleration in turbulence magnetized plasma and nonlinear effects.
10.11. CR
propagation and acceleration in space plasma with scatterers of different
regular speeds and nonlinear effects.
11. Solar flare energetic
charged particles (solar CR).
11.1.
Experimental data on solar CR, energy spectrum, isotopic and chemical
composition.
11.2.
Statistical properties of solar CR events.
11.3. Solar
flare phenomenon and charged particle acceleration mechanisms.
11.4. Solar CR
propagation in the interplanetary space.
11.5. Solar CR
propagation in the geomagnetic field.
11.6. Solar CR
propagation in the atmosphere.
11.7.
Radiation hazard of great solar CR events.
11.8. On the
possibility of prediction of dangerous for people and technology great solar CR
events.
12. Solar flare energetic
neutrons.
12.1.
Prediction of solar energetic neutron phenomenon and attempts of its discovery.
12.2.
Energetic neutron generation in interactions of flare energetic charged
particles with matter of solar atmosphere; generation of gamma-rays.
12.3. Neutron
decay and solar energetic neutron propagation through interplanetary space.
12.4.
Energetic solar neutron propagation through the Earth's atmosphere: vertical
arriving.
12.5.
Energetic solar neutron propagation through the Earth's atmosphere: inclined
arriving, scattering and "reflection" effect.
13. CR relativistic
electrons and radio-astronomy.
13.1. CR
electrons origin: primary and secondary.
13.2. CR
electron propagation and acceleration, radio-wave emission.
13.3.
Radio-wave emission from solar flares.
13.4.
Radio-wave emission distribution of our Galaxy.
13.5.
Radio-wave emission from other astronomical objects.
14. CR and gamma-astronomy.
14.1.
Mechanisms of gamma-ray generation by CR.
14.2.
Gamma-ray emission from solar flares.
14.3.
Gamma-ray emission in our Galaxy.
14.4.
Gamma-ray emission from other astronomical objects.
14.5.
Gamma-ray generation by flare energetic particles in solar and stellar winds.
14.6.
Gamma-ray generation by galactic CR in solar and stellar winds.
15. Unsolved problems in CR
research and CR applications.
15.1. CR and
neutrino astronomy.
15.2. The
problem of super high-energy CR.
15.3. The
problem of of metagalactic CR.
15.4. The
problem of relict CR.
15.5. On the
search of new hypotetic particles in CR.
15.6. Possible
CR applications in tecnology.
15.7.
Foundation of International CR Service and CR using for prediction of space
dangerous phenomena.
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Note 1. This course is
based on lectures given by Prof. Lev Dorman in Kazakh State University in
1957-1963, in Irkutsk State University in 1963-1965, in Moscow State University
in 1965-1991, in Kabardino-Balkar State University in 1967-1990, in Nagoya
University (Japan) in 1989, in
Astrophysical Department in Sacle (Paris) in 1989, 1993, in University of
Calgary (Canada) in 1990-1991, in University of Chicago in 1991-1993, in
University of New Mexico in 1992-1994, , in UNAM (Mexico) in 1990, 1995-1997,
in Rome University "Sapienza" in 1992-1995, in University "Roma
Tres" in 1996-1997.
Note 2. This course is
based mainly on monographes:
1. L.I.
Dorman, Cosmic Ray Variations, Moscow, 1957 (translation on
English published in USA in 1958);
2. V. L.
Ginzburg and S. I. Syrovatsky, Origin of Cosmic Rays, Moscow,
1963.
3. L.I.
Dorman, Cosmic Ray Variations and Space Research, Moscow, 1963;
4. L.I.
Dorman, Geophysical and Astrophysical Aspects of Cosmic Rays, North-Holland Publ. Co.,
Amsterdam (In series "Progress in Physics
of Cosmic Ray and Elementary Particles",ed. by J.G.Wilson and S.A.Wouthuysen, Vol. 7), 1963;
5. Dorman
L.I. and Miroshnichenko L.I., Solar Cosmic Rays. FIZMATGIZ, Moscow, 1968. English
translation published for the National Aeronautics and Space Administration and
National Science Foundation in 1976 (TT 70-57262/ NASA TT F-624), Washington,
D.C.;
6. Dorman
L.I., Smirnov V.S. and Tyasto M.I., 1971. Cosmic Rays in the Earth's
Magnetic Field. FIZMATGIZ, Moscow
7. Dorman
L.I., Acceleration Processes in Space. VINITI, Moscow (in series
"Summary of Science", Astronomy, Vol. 7), 1972.
8. Dorman
L.I., Meteorological Effects of Cosmic Rays. NAUKA, Moscow, 1972.
9. Dorman
L.I., Gushchina R.T., Smart D.F. and Shea M.A., Effective Cut-Off
Rigidities of Cosmic Rays. NAUKA, Moscow (in Russian and in English),
1972.
10. Velinov
P., Nestorov G., Dorman L., Cosmic Ray Influence on Ionosphere and Radio
Wave Propagation. Bulgaria Academy of Sciences Press, Sofia, 1974.
11. Dorman
L.I., Cosmic Rays: Variations and Space Exploration.
North-Holland Publ.Co., Amsterdam, 1974.
12. Dorman
L.I., Variations of Galactic Cosmic Rays. Moscow State University
Press, Moscow, 1975.
13. Dorman
L.I., Experimental and Theoretical Principles of Cosmic Ray Astrophysics.
FIZMATGIZ, Moscow, 1975.
14. Dorman
L.I., Cosmic Rays of Solar Origin. VINITI, Moscow (in series
"Summary of Science", Space Investigations, Vol.12), 1978.
15. Dorman
L.I., Pimenov I.A. and Satsuk V.S., Mathematical Service of Geophysical
Investigations on the Example of Cosmic Ray Variations. NAUKA, Moscow,
1978.
16. Dorman
L.I., Libin I.Ya. and Blokh Ya.L., Scintillation Method of Cosmic Ray
Investigation. NAUKA, Moscow, 1979.
17. Alania
M.V. and Dorman L.I.,1981. Cosmic Ray Distribution in the Interplanetary
Space. METSNIEREBA, Tbilisi.
18. Dorman
I.V., Cosmic Rays:
Historical Outline, Moscow, NAUKA, 1981.
19. Dorman
L.I. and Kozin I.D., Cosmic Radiation in the Upper Atmosphere.
FIZMATGIZ, Moscow, 1983.
20. Alania
M.V., Dorman L.I., Aslamazashvili R.G., Gushchina R.T. and Dzhapiashvili T.V., Galactic
Cosmic Ray Modulation by Solar Wind. METSNIEREBA, Tbilisi, 1987.
21.
Dorman I.V., Cosmic Rays,
Accelerators and New Particles, Moscow, NAUKA, 1989.
22.
Berezinskii V.S., Bulanov V.S., Ginzburg V.L., Dogel V.A., and Ptuskin V.S., Cosmic
Ray Astrophysics, Moscow, 1990.
Note 3. This course is based also on
papers published in Proc. of Intern. Cosmic Ray Conf. (each two years) and
papers published in scientific journals.