book reviews and publications received

BOOK REVIEWS

The Catholic Church and the Jews: Argentina 1933-1945 (Hebrew). By Graciela Ben-Dror. Zalman Shazar Center, Historical Society of Israel and Vidal Sassoon Center for the Study of Antisemitism, Jerusalem, 2000, 320 pp.

This book, based on the author’s doctoral thesis completed at the Institute of Contemporary Jewry of the Hebrew University of Jerusalem in 1993, is an innovation in several respects. Ben-Dror first deals with the changes in the Catholic Church which had an impact on the Jews, against the socio-political and ideological background of Argentina from 1933 to 1945. She then analyzes the attitude of the Catholic Church toward Nazism and the Holocaust against the background of developments in the international arena during those years. Her original research in this section is compelling.

The author reviews the doctrinaire approach and the literature of leading antisemitic authors, especially Julio Meinvielle and Hugo Wast, as representative trends within the Church (Chapter 2), and as part of the nationalistic and integrist project of re-Christianizing Argentinean society. Ben-Dror then analyzes ecclesiastical documents and catechismal educational materials of the Church hierarchy in relation to Jews and Judaism, as well as the ideology and deeds of several antisemitic priests. She proceeds to the period from the military putsch of 4 June 1943, which she labels “Catholic Argentina” because of the alliance of the Church with the armed forces. During this period, 1943–45, the Jews, according to Ben-Dror, suffered state antisemitism as a result of Catholic integrist influence among senior officials. The Church itself did not interfere, nor did it try to attenuate or condemn anti-Jewish manifestations, whether they emanated from laymen or members of the clergy (Chapter 4).

Ben-Dror’s concludes in this section of the book that the integrist Catholic trend that strove to re-Christianize Argentinean society increased its hegemony over the hierarchy and over many clergymen, as well as over nationalist laymen and the armed forces. She also determines that the integrist theological doctrine, which tended to exclude anyone who was not Catholic from Argentinean society, and first and foremost the Jews, became an alternative ideology, that was powerful enough to challenge the secular, liberal, pluralistic society which Argentina had known until 1943. Similar conclusions have been reached in studies on Argentinean nationalism and Catholicism, most recently in the work of Loris Zanatta (1996). The latter’s work provides another perspective: presentation of the Argentinean Church as part of the universal and hierarchical Church, and as subordinate to the Vatican. Ben Dror detects neither antisemitism nor philosemitism in official documents and pastoral letters handed down by the Argentinean bishopric during the period 1933–45. Nevertheless, a great deal of antisemitism appears in publications of the lower ranks of the clergy, including parochial weeklies and Catholic newspapers.

The second section analyzes the official position of the Church toward events in Europe, before and during World War II: the Nazi regime and its ideology, the papal encyclicals on Nazism and communism, the question of Jewish refugees, the outbreak of war, the reaction to the German invasion of Poland, the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact, the conquest of the Soviet Union, and Argentinean neutrality during the war. Ben-Dror proceeds to examine the Church’s stand on the violence perpetrated against the Jews during the first stages of the war, and then after the implementation of the “Final Solution,” in the territories under Nazi German occupation (Chapters 8 and 9). The last chapter deals with the postwar attitude of the Church to the beginning of democratization in Argentina and of Argentinean Catholics toward this process.

Despite the fact that official documents issued by senior Church officials did not reflect anti-Jewish positions, the author’s interpretation of the silence of the Argentinean Church toward Jewish suffering during the Holocaust is a historiographic innovation. The lack of response is exemplified in the complete inaction of the Archbishop of Buenos Aires when requested by German bishops at a meeting in Rome in early 1939 to urge the Argentinean authorities to permit entry into the country of “Aryan Catholics” (Jews who had converted and been baptized). This was in contrast to the case of Brazil.

The author concludes that while Church documents and publications evidenced doctrinaire anti-communist and anti-liberal positions, integrist antisemitism was not apparent, although it was latent in the discourse of the Church hierarchy. It was not discussed openly because respect for Jews and Judaism was an integral part of theological thought. Nevertheless, unofficial Catholic publications such as Criterio and El Pueblo, analyzed by the author, expressed uncensored Judeophobia, which included both traditional and new motifs.

Methodologically, this work belongs to historical studies that view the Holocaust as a unique phenomenon which must be understood on a global scale, especially in respect to a worldwide institution such as the Catholic Church. The author uses a comparative approach when considering the Vatican position and that of the Argentinean “romanized” hierarchy toward Nazism, the war and the Holocaust. This section of the book is based on an exhaustive analysis of official Church documents as well as on unofficial Catholic publications.

Nevertheless, in such an important study of Catholic antisemitism it would have been interesting to include a comparison with Protestantism (a chapter that appeared in the author’s Ph.D. dissertation). Further, an examination of hatred of other “enemies” of the radical Catholic right, such as communists, the proletarian movement and the secular and liberal modernist movement, would have been useful. A possible direction for further research is investigating the indistinct border between the radical extra-parliamentary right and the conservative parliamentary right in Argentina, as well as the implications for the Jews of political practices of leading forces of Catholic fascist movements.

As to primary ecclesiastical sources, the author studied systematically and for the first time important official publications of the archbishops of Buenos Aires and Cordoba, in order to bring to light their image of the Jews. She also analyzed the documents of Catholic Action, a lay Catholic institution, and more than 60 weekly publications from different parishes of Buenos Aires and other cities around the country. Until the publication of Ben Dror’s book knowledge of Catholic antisemitism was based on studies of the nationalist Catholic movement. Thanks to her research, it has been enriched by various ecclesiastical sources.

Leonardo Senkman

Hebrew University of Jerusalem

Las Derechas: The Extreme Right in Argentina, Brazil and Chile. By Sandra McGee Deutsch. Stanford University Press, 1999, 586 pp.

Sandra McGee Deutsch’s book is a noteworthy historical analysis of the evolution and characteristics of the extreme right between 1890 and 1939, in three Latin-American countries which form the southern triangle of the continent – Argentina, Brazil and Chile. Although the extreme right in these countries has been researched in the past, this book undertakes a comparative analysis between these countries over a period of more than fifty years.

            In selecting the title Las Derechas, a plural form in Spanish which has no English equivalent, McGee wanted to stress the heterogeneity of the extreme right. It is, indeed, a well-chosen title, since the development of the right in Latin-America reflects almost the entire spectrum of the right in Europe, from moderate, conservative and traditional rightists to radicals and fascists, with a whole range of ideological nuances in-between.

            In spite of the socio-economic and demographic differences between these countries, they share much in common in terms of history, culture, religion and mentality. All three inherited a joint Ibero-American past which included, during the nineteenth century, freeing themselves from the colonial powers of Spain and Portugal, themselves culturally alike. There is also a measure of similarity in the socio-economic and political problems encountered by these three countries as they developed in the early twentieth century. Hence, the common historical-cultural background of Catholic Latin America serves the author as a methodological basis for her comparative study of the extreme right.

            Three periods are reviewed: from the last decade of the 19th century until the outbreak of World War I (1890–1914); from the war until the mid-twenties; and from the end of the 1920s until 1939, when World War II began. Dividing the book into relatively short periods allowed the author to scrutinize closely the most prominent groups and organizations in each period. Taking each country separately, she carried out an in-depth examination of each period, while applying uniform parameters to the three countries, such as relations between state and religion, authoritarianism, fascism, rightist historical revisionism, populism, the right and the military forces, the right and the Catholic Church, the role of women and antisemitism. Thus, a panoramic vista has been created, made possible by a comparative approach to material over a relatively long time-span.

            The primary sources of the research are extensive; a variety of archives in these three countries and in the United States, and a wealth of secondary sources buttress her assertions.

            The author pays considerable attention to ideology, stressing correctly that the right is not merely a reaction to the left, but has its own ideological position. In Latin America the influence of medieval philosophers such as Thomas Aquinas is still felt, as well as that of modern European political theorists of extreme nationalism, such as French rightists Charles Maurras and Maurice Barrès, and Spanish Integrists and Tradicionalistas.

            When dealing with the worldview of Latin American ultra-rightists, McGee Deutsch, in contrast to other historians of Latin America, finds antisemitism of great significance, especially in Argentina. The forms which antisemitism takes in each of these countries were dealt with, each under a separate heading, and examined closely for its place in the philosophy of the rightists in each country. Thus, we learn both of the European sources of antisemitism, and its local formulation and political context. Antisemitic views began to flourish amongst rightists at the beginning of the century, constituting an important element in their worldview by the 1920s, before the advent of Hitler. Even prior to the period of the persecution of the Jews in Europe, the Jews of Latin America had felt the destructive force of modern European antisemitism, which conformed well with traditional religious stereotypes, and intensified in the 1930s.

            This important and probing work by Sandra McGee Deutsch is of value to researchers of Latin America and to the general reader as well, particularly Latin American Jewry.

                                                                                    Dr. Graciela Ben-Dror

                                                                                    Stephen Roth Institute,

                                                Oranim Academic College, and

                                                                                    University of Haifa

Antisemitism in Slovak Politics (1989-1999). By Pavol Mestan. Museum of Jewish Culture, Bratislava, and Tel Aviv University, 2000, 287 pp.

Professor Pavol Mestan, founder and director of the Museum of Jewish Culture, Bratislava, has written a comprehensive work, the first of its kind, which summarizes the nature of antisemitism in the nationalist movements and the press of post-communist Slovakia. The study focuses chiefly on the period after the partition of Czechoslovakia in January 1993 into two independent states, the Czech Republic and Slovakia.

The small Jewish population, 3,000 Jews in a population of about 5.5 million, would not seem to warrant antisemitic activity. The majority are elderly, survivors of the Shoah, with a minority born after the war. They are not prominent in government, in economic life, or even in local liberal movements. A very small number have entered academic life and the liberal professions and take part in local community activity. What, then, accounts for the sometimes obsessive presence of antisemitism in Slovakian public life that is well documented in this volume? Is it unique and thus in essence unlike antisemitism in the rest of central and eastern Europe since the fall of communism?

Mestan clearly indicates the special nature of Slovak antisemitism in the post-communist period, unfolding a wide canvas that depicts the deep roots of antisemitism in the distant and recent past. He distinguishes three sources which contribute to the development of this phenomenon: a religious basis, cultivated by senior Slovakian clerical officials at the end of the 19th century; a nationalist element, particularly the call of the Catholic priest Josef Tiso, an ally of Hitler, to cleanse Slovakia of its “eternal enemy” the Jews; and the antisemitism of the communist period, during which antisemitism was coupled with anti-Zionism.

Tiso came to power as president of the Nazi-protected “independent” Slovakia in 1939. He continued to carry out his anti-Jewish policies until the end of the war, when he was tried for his crimes against the Jews and his alliance with Hitler, found guilty and hanged in 1946.

As head of state, Tiso was responsible for the destruction of Slovakian Jewry and for the dispatch of the Jews to the death camps in Poland, in March 1942, without pressure from Nazi Germany and in defiance of the Vatican’s request to prevent this. Further, Tiso’s government promised to pay the Germans 500 Reich Marks for every Jew deported. This was the first instance in the history of the Shoah in which a government that called itself “independent” actually paid the Germans for the deportation of Jews. The deportations, which ceased in October 1942, were renewed in fall 1944. An estimated 100,000 Slovakian Jews (including from territories annexed by Hungary) were murdered in the Shoah.

Antisemitism was twinned with anti-Zionism during the communist period under the influence of Soviet ideology, particularly toward the end of Stalin’s life. The Slánský Trial (the show trial of Jewish Czechoslovak Party Secretary General Rudolf Slánskýý and his alleged accomplices) marked the culmination of accusations of treason against the Jews. Of the fourteen convicted of treason and sentenced to death in the 1952–53 trials, eleven were Jews. Even after Stalin’s death, Soviet propaganda throughout the Soviet bloc portrayed the Zionist movement and its membership as “war mongers” and collaborators with the American imperialists.

In the post-communist period, as Slovakia moved toward democratization, one might have expected that antisemitism would disappear completely. Instead, the old-new Slovakian antisemitism took on a special character – the focus of Mestan’s research – as the Slovakian nationalist movement strove to glorify the image of Tiso as the founder of Slovak independence and the father of modern Slovakia. In their attempt to rehabilitate him, they disregarded completely his responsibility for the extermination of Slovak Jews and his pact with Hitler. Thus, a longstanding confrontation resulted, between the nationalist movements which favored restoring the memory of Tiso and the liberal movements and Jewish congregational leaders who strenuously opposed it. This confrontation gives Slovakian antisemitism its distinguishing feature, in which the public debate focuses perhaps more on Tiso’s crimes against the Jews than on his role as Hitler’s ally, and in particular, on the suppression of the anti-fascist revolt in Slovakia in August 1944.

While this conflict seems unique, it is, in fact, rather similar to the situation in Romania, where the nationalist parties seek to glorify Ion Antonescu, fascist leader of Romania from 1941 to 1944. Antonescu ordered the mass slaughter of Jews from Bessarabia and northern Bukovino when the German and Romanian armies attacked the USSR in June 1941, and shortly thereafter ruthlessly sent all the survivors to ghettos and camps in Transnistria, where about 90,000 Jews were killed, without any pressure from Germany.

The reaction of the Slovak governments, like that of collaborationist regimes such as Romania, is a measure of its ability to cut itself off from its fascist past, and to admit the crimes committed by those regimes against the Jews, against liberals and against humanity. The Slovakian government has repeatedly declared its dissociation from the “independent” Slovakian state under Nazi protection since the revelation of documentation connected with Tiso’s crimes. Mestan is correct in his belief that informing the Slovak people, especially the generation born after the war, of the destruction of the Jews native to the country perpetrated by the fascist leaders would reduce the nationalists’ prospects to clear Tiso’s name and win their acceptance as symbols of the struggle for independence. Education is of prime importance, but legal and organizational tools should also be employed to stop antisemitsm: there must be appropriate legislation and enforcement tools to carry it out.

The attitude of the Slovak governments toward rehabilitation and toward the Shoah in general is encouraging. In any event, it serves the national interest, whether it is to further integration into the European Union or to improve the country’s image in the future. Israel, too, should play an active role. While it cannot interfere in domestic affairs of legislation or implementation, it can, and should, extend all possible help in revealing the historical facts, in order to curb antisemitism. Mestan’s research proves how vital this is. The book is important not only as a rich source for scholars and those interested in antisemitism in modern Slovakia but as a source of practical ideas about how to limit it.

                                                                        Dr. Joseph Govrin

                                                                        Non-resident ambassador in Slovakia

while ambassador to Austria (1993–95), and the author of several studies

on Eastern and Central Europe

In Brief

“The Plunder of Jewish Property during the Holocaust” – Confronting European History. Edited by Avi Beker.Basingstoke, Hampshire: Palgrave, 2001, 355 pp.

This is a timely publication: The articles describe both the plunder of Jewish property during the Holocaust and the situation of reparations today. After presenting a general framework – myths about Jewish wealth, legal aspects and the confrontation with history – the author examines eastern Europe and then western Europe (Switzerland, France, Britain, Norway, Austria, Spain, Portugal, Belgium, Italy and the Netherlands). The extent of the plunder is upsetting, but there is encouragement in Dr. Beker’s contention that the question of reparations has driven the European countries to do some soul searching regarding their national historical account during World War II; and that this process will benefit their international relations, and perhaps their attitude toward the Jewish people. The book is well produced and constitutes a major contribution to a central contemporary issue.

The Popes against the Jews: The Vatican’s Role in the Rise of Modern Anti-Semitism. By David I. Kertzer. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2001, 355 pp.

David Kertzer’s book deals with the role of the Church and its impact on the emergence of modern antisemitism and the Holocaust. The author describes one hundred years of accumulating hatred and demonization of Jews in Europe, detailing such phenomena as forced baptisms; the pontifical act of Pope Leo XII in 1823, which led to the incarceration of the Jews in ghettos “in order to overcome the evil consequences of freedom”; hostile propaganda against the Jews in the Catholic press; the allegation of Jewish ritual murder; and Pope Pius XII’s conduct during World War II. Kertzer proves that the Vatican Commission’s document, “We Remember: A Reflection on the Shoah,” published in 1998, does not constitute an apology for the Holocaust, since it differentiates between anti-Judaism and antisemitism. While anti-Judaism, meaning religiously- and socially-based hatred of the Jews, typified the Church’s attitude to the Jews, Nazi antisemitism, which derived from race theories, was firmly rejected by the Church. In Kertzer’s opinion this distinction allowed the Roman Catholic Church to absolve itself of any responsibility for the spread of hatred toward the Jews, thus paving the way for the Holocaust.

Muslim Anti-Semitism. A Clear and Present Danger. By Robert S. Wistrich. New York: The American Jewish Committee, 2002, 57 pp.

Antisemitism penetrated the Arab and Muslim worlds at the end of the 19th century and became more widespread with the outbreak of the Arab-Israeli conflict. The cultural and ideological origins of this antisemitism and the assessment of its danger are contentious issues among scholars researching the subject. Triggered by the events of 11 September 2001, Wistrich’s concise booklet Muslim Anti-Semitism tries to provide a clear-cut answer to these questions. Surveying the development of Arab/Islamic antisemitism and the major themes characterizing it, the study cites and disputes some basic assumptions. This thought-provoking publication is intended to sound “an alarm bell for a very clear and immediate threat to Jews worldwide.”

Aus Dem Schatten, Der Katastrophe, Die Deutsch-Israelischen Beziehungen In Dear Ära Konrad Adenauer und David Ben-Gurion. By Niels Hansen. Düsseldorf, 2002, pp. 891 pp.

Written by Germany's ambassador to Israel in the 1980s, this lengthy study examines the development of Israeli–West German relations from the end of the 1940s until 1965, when diplomatic ties between the two countries were officially established. The study focuses mainly on the role of Israel's first Prime Minister David Ben-Gurion and first West German Chancellor Konrad Adenauer in creating a special relationship between the two countries. The topics discussed include the evolution of direct negotiations on the question of reparations, and encompassing the public and political debates in both countries; the arms agreements between the two countries and their political implications for Israel; and the impact of Israeli-German negotiations on relations between West Germany and the Arab countries, notably Egypt. Also dealt with are the problematic issues of former Nazis who held senior positions in the Adenauer administration and antisemitism in West Germany at the end of the 1950s and beginning of the 1960s. The research is based on documents found in Israeli and German archives.

publications received

Almeras, Philippe, Je suis le bouc: Celine et l'antisemitisme. Paris: Denoël, 2000.

Aull-Furstenberg, Margret, Lebensluge Hitler-Jugend: aus dem Tagebuch eines BDM-Mädchens. Wien: Ueberreuter, 2001.

Beker, Avi (ed.), The Plunder of Jewish Property during the Holocaust. Confronting European History. Houndmills,UK: Palgrave, 2001.

Ben-Dor, David, Die schwarze Mütze: Geschichte eines Mitschuldigen. Leipzig: Reclam, 2000.

Benz, Wolfgang, Geschichte des Dritten Reiches. München: C.H. Beck, 2000.

Berschel, Holger, Bürokratie und Terror: das Judenreferat der Gestapo Dusseldorf 1935–1945. Essen: Klartext, 2001.

Bonnett, Alastair, Anti-racism. London: Routledge, 2000.

Burrin, Philippe, Fascisme, nazisme, autoritarisme. Paris: Editions du Seuil, 2000.

Burrows, Stephanie, Tucholsky and France. Leeds: Maney Pub. for the Modern Humanities Research Association and the Institute of Germanic Studies, University of London School of Advanced Study, 2001.

Dean, Martin, Collaboration in the Holocaust: Crimes of the Local Police in Belorussia and Ukraine, 1941–44. New York: St. Martin's Press, 2000.

Dierker, Wolfgang, Himmlers Glaubenskrieger: der Sicherheitsdienst der SS und seine Religionspolitik, 1933-1941. Paderborn: F. Schoningh, 2002.

Dorr, Thomas, “Mühsam und so weiter, was waren das fur Namen": Zeitgeist und Zynismus im nationalistisch-antisemitischen Werk des Graphikers A. Paul Weber. Lübeck: Erich-Muhsam-Gesellschaft, 2000.

Dutlinger, Anne D. (ed.), Art, Music, and Education as Strategies for Survival: Theresienstadt, 1941–45. New York: Herodias, 2001.

Frederiksen, Elke P. & Wallach, Martha Kaarsberg (eds.), Facing Fascism and Confronting the Past: German Women Writers from Weimar to the Present. Albany, NY: State University of New York Press, 2000.

Gastfriend, Edward, My Father's Testament: Memoir of a Jewish Teenager, 1938–1945. Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 2000.

Goggin, James E. and Goggin, Eileen Brockman, Death of a “Jewish Science”: Psychoanalysis in the Third Reich. West Lafayette, Ind.: Purdue University Press, 2001.

Grewenig, von Adi & Jager, Margret, Medien in Konflikten: Holocaust, Krieg, Ausgrenzung. Duisburg: Duisburger Institut für Sprach und Sozialforschung, 2000.

Hafner, Georg M. & Schapira, Esther, Die Akte Alois Brunner: warum einer der grössten Naziverbrecher noch immer auf freiem Fuss ist. Frankfurt: Campus, 2000.

Har-El, Moshe, “Ich habe nicht gewusst, dass wir noch schlimmere Zeit vor uns hatten": von Mahrisch-Ostrau in die Berge der Tatra und nach Israel. Konstanz: Labhard, 2001

Heyken, Eberhard, Die deutsch-ukrainischen Beziehungen: gestern, heute und morgen auf dem Weg nach Europa. Konstanz: Hartung-Gorre, 2001

Honigsman, Jakob, Juden in der Westukraine: jüdisches Leben und Leiden in Ostgalizien, Wolhynien, der Bukowina und Transkarpatien, 1933–1945. Konstanz : Hartung-Gorre, 2000.

IBOPE, Knowledge and Remembrance of the Holocaust in Brazil: A Public-Opinion Survey Conducted for the American Jewish Committee, Sao Paulo, March 22–25, 2001. New York: The American Jewish Committee, 2001.

Kallis, Aristotle A., Fascist Ideology: Territory and Expansionism in Italy and Germany, 1922–1945. London: Routledge, 2000.

Klein, Gerda Weissmann & Klein, Kurt, The Hours After: Letters of Love and Longing in War's Aftermath. New York: St. Martin's Press, 2000.

Koehl, Robert Lewis, The SS: A History, 1919–45. Stroud, Glocestershire: Tempus, 2000.

Kohler, Joachim, Wagner’s Hitler: The Prophet and His Disciple. Oxford: Blackwell, 2001.

Kotek, Joel & Rigoulot, Pierre, Le siècle des camps: detention, concentration, extermination: cent ans de mal radical. Paris: J.C. Lattes, 2000.

Laqueur, Walter (ed.), The Holocaust Encyclopedia. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2001.

Le Groignec, Jacques, Pétain face a l'histoire. Paris: Nouvelles editions latines, 2000.

Linck, Stephan, Der Ordnung verpflichtet: Deutsche Polizei, 1933–1949: der Fall Flensburg. Paderborn: F. Schoningh, 2000.

Maser, Werner, Hermann Göring: Hitlers janusköpfiger Paladin: die politische Biographie. Berlin: Edition q., 2000.

Meyer, Michel, Le demon est-il allemand?. Paris: B. Grasset, 2000.

Morgan, Michael L. (ed.), A Holocaust Reader: Responses to the Nazi Extermination. New York: Oxford University Press, 2001.

Naake, Erhard, Nietzsche und Weimar: Werk und Wirkung im 20. Jahrhundert. Koln: Bohlau, 2000.

Niewyk, Donald L. & Nicosia, Francis, The Columbia Guide to the Holocaust. New York: Columbia University Press, 2000.

Nordbruch, Goetz, The Socio-Historical Background of Holocaust Denial in Arab Countries: Reactions to Roger Garaudy's The Founding Myths of Israeli Politics. Jerusalem: Vidal Sassoon International Center for the Study of Antisemitism, 2001.

La persécution des Juifs de France 1940–1944 et le retablissement de la légalité republicaine: Recueil des textes officiels 1940–1999. Paris: Documentation francaise, 2000.

Pfau, Dieter, Christenkreuz und Hakenkreuz: Siegen und das Siegerland am Vorabend des "Dritten Reiches” Bielefeld: Verlag für Regionalgeschichte, 2001.

Polonsky, Antony (ed.), Focusing on the Holocaust and its Aftermath. London: Littman Library of Jewish Civilization, 2000.

Post im Schatten des Hakenkreuzes: das Schicksal der jüdischen Familie Sternberg in ihren Briefen von Berlin nach Tokyo in der Zeit von 1910 bis 1950. Berlin: Duncker & Humblot, 2000.

Prost , Antoine, Rémi Skoutelsky & Sonia Etienne, Aryanisation economique et restitutions. Paris: La Documentation francaise, 2000.

Raulet, Gerard, Historismus, Sonderweg und dritte Wege. Frankfurt am Main: P. Lang, 2001.

Roegele, Otto Bernhard, Gestapo gegen Schuler: Die Gruppe “Christopher” in Bruchsal. Konstanz: Universitätsverlag, 2000.

Romberg, Otto R., Jews in Germany after 1945: Citizens or “Fellow” Citizens?. Frankfurt: Tribune, 2000.

Roth, John K., Holocaust Politics. Louisville, KY: Westminster John Knox Press, 2001.

Roth, John K. and Maxwell-Meynard, Elisabeth, Remembering for the Future: The Holocaust in an Age of Genocides. New York: Palgrave, 2001.

Rusu, Victor, Damals im Schtetl: jüdisches Leben in Rumanien: erlebte und belieferte Geschichten. Konstanz: Hartung-Gorre, 2001.

Sarfati, Georges Elia, Le Vatican et la Shoah, ou comment l'Eglise s'absout de son passé: analyse du “Document de l'Eglise de Rome sur la Shoah.” Paris: Berg International, 2000.

Schenk, Dieter, Hitlers Mann in Danzig: Albert Forster und die NS-Verbrechen in Danzig-Westpreussen. Bonn: J.H.W. Dietz, 2000.

Schneider, Richard Chaim, Wir sind da!: die Geschichte der Juden in Deutschland von 1945 bis heute. Berlin: Ullstein, 2000.

Schultze, Winfried & Oexle, Otto Gerhard, Deutsche Historiker im Nationalsozialismus. Frankfurt: Fischer Taschenbuch, 1999.

Seidler, Victor Jeleniewski, Shadows of the Shoah: Jewish Identity and Belonging. Oxford: Berg, 2000,

Smelser, Ronald, Die SS: Elite unter dem Totenkopf: 30 Lebensläufe. Paderborn: F. Schoningh, 2000.

Spector, Shmuel and Wigoder, Geoffrey (eds.), The Encyclopedia of Jewish Life before and during the Holocaust. New York: New York University Press, 2001.

Stolle, Michael, Die Geheime Staatspolizei in Baden: Personal, Organisation, Wirkung und Nachwirken einer regionalen Verfolgungsbehörde im Dritten. Konstanz: UVK, 2001

Thatcher, Nicole, A Literary Analysis of Charlotte Delbo's Concentration Camp Representation. Lewiston: E. Mellen, 2000.

Verolme, Hetty E., The Children's House of Belsen. Fremantle, Western Australia: Fremantle Arts Centre Press, 2000.

Wachs, Philipp-Christian, Der Fall Theodor Oberlander (1905–1998): Ein Lehrstück deutscher Geschichte. Frankfurt: Campus, 2000.

Wenck, Alexandra-Eileen, Zwischen Menschenhandel und “Endlösung”: Das Konzentrationslager Bergen-Belsen. Paderborn: F. Schoningh, 2000.

Wiehn, Erhard Roy (ed.), Babij Jar 1941: Das Massaker deutscher Exekutionskommandos an der jüdischen Bevölkerung von Kiew , 60 Jahre danach zum Gedenken. Konstanz: Hartung-Gorre, 2001.

Die Weimarer Republik, 1918–1933. Darmstadt: Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft, 2002.

Wistrich, Robert Solomon, Hitler and the Holocaust. New York: Modern Library, 2001.

Zahlten, Richard, Dr. Johanna Geissmar: von Mannheim nach Heidelberg und über den Schwarzwald durch Gurs nach Auschwitz-Birkenau, 1877–1942: Einer jüdischen Arztin 60 Jahre danach zum Gedenken. Konstanz: Hartung-Gorre, 2001.